In this paper, we propose a design for an on-glass 5G monopole antenna for a vehicle window glass. The proposed antenna consists of a monopole resonator, an inductive line, and a co-planar waveguide (CPW), which can adjust the phase so that the current in each resonator is close to in phase. Therefore, although the vehicle window glass has a high dielectric loss, the proposed monopole with an inductive line can obtain an antenna gain that is suitable for applying to vehicle 5G communications. To verify the antenna characteristics, the reflection coefficients and the radiation patterns are measured in a full anechoic chamber. The results demonstrate that the proposed on-glass antenna is suitable for applying in vehicle 5G communications.

This letter proposes a printed fifth-generation (5G) monopole antenna with a periodic patch director that can be applied to a laminated window glass of a vehicle. The proposed monopole antenna is printed on the laminated window glass, which does not require additional mounting space. The rectangular disk is loaded at the end of the monopole to improve a bore-sight gain. To further improve the gain characteristic, the periodic patch director elements are arranged with optimized array spacing. To verify the antenna performances, such as reflection coefficients and radiation patterns, the proposed antenna is fabricated and measured in a full anechoic chamber. The results demonstrate that the proposed monopole antenna with the periodic patch director is suitable for applying in vehicle 5G communication band of n257.

This paper presents a Kriging interpolation method for constructing a database of atmospheric refractivity in Korea. To collect as much data as possible for the interpolation, meteorological data from 120 regions of Korea, including both land and sea areas, are examined. Then, the normalized atmospheric refractivity N_n is calculated for an altitude of 0 m, because the refractivity tends to vary depending on the altitude of the observation site. In addition, the optimal variogram model to obtain the spatial correlation required for the Kriging method is investigated. The estimation accuracy of the Kriging interpolation is compared with that of the inverse distance weighting (IDW) and the bi-linear methods. The average and maximum estimation errors when using the Kriging method are 0.24 and 1.32, respectively. The result demonstrates that the Kriging method is more suitable for the interpolation of atmospheric refractivity in Korea than the conventional methods.

This letter proposes a novel design for a printed 5G monopole antenna on a vehicle window glass. The proposed antenna consists of a coplanar waveguide (CPW), a monopole radiator, parasitic elements, and a lattice-structure reflector. The parasitic elements are placed on either side of the monopole radiator to improve the bore-sight gain. To solve the radiation pattern distortion problem that occurs due to the thick vehicle window glass, the lattice-structure reflector is printed on the opposite side of the monopole radiator. Through fabrication and measurement of the proposed antenna, it is confirmed that the design improves bore-sight gain, and minimizes the radiation pattern distortion. The results demonstrate that the proposed 5G monopole antenna with parasitic elements and the lattice-structure reflector is suitable for 5G communication in vehicle applications.

In this paper, we propose a high-durability X-band patch antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding network that can directly connect the upper antenna and the lower transmitting receiver modules without additional cabling. To improve the durability of the antenna, both the sub miniature push-on (SMP) connector and the feed-pin are separated through the CPW layer. This separated structure can minimize the deterioration of the antenna performance when the unwanted movement of the SMP connector occurs from external shocks. To verify the design feasibility, the reflection coefficient and radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are measured in a full anechoic chamber. The reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna is −27 dB at 10 GHz, and the operating frequency bandwidth (|Γ| < −10 dB) is 4.7% (9.82~10.29 GHz) in X-band. The proposed antenna has a maximum gain of 5.7 dBi at the bore-sight direction. In addition, the durability evaluations of the proposed design according to unwanted SMP connector movements provoked by external shocks are investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. The results demonstrate that the proposed high-durability antenna design is suitable for military ship applications that involve exposure to various external shocks.

This article investigates the electromagnetic field strengths and the resulting indoor exclusion zones (EZs), taking into account the actual indoor nuclear power plant (NPP) environment. To obtain the accurate indoor EZ, a real indoor environment based on the simulator room of Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety was included in the numerical simulation. The maximum distance d of the indoor EZs depending on the position and polarization of the emitter is 1 to 2.1 times longer than the distances d of the free-space EZs. To validate the simulated indoor EZs, electromagnetic field strengths along the arc line with an arbitrary distance from the emitter are measured in the NPP, which are in good agreement with the simulation results. The result demonstrates that the indoor EZ should be investigated before applying the wireless system in the NPP because the indoor EZ and free space EZ can be significantly different.