Evidence suggests that fixed and growth mindsets shape human behavior (Rucker & Galinsky, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2016;26(1):161–164); however, empirical research on mindsets is highly sensitive in terms of how they are measured. This article addresses specific limitations in measuring growth and fixed mindsets using existing scales, especially Dweck's (Self‐theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development, 2000) scale, which is the most recognized and commonly used instrument in this area. The main contribution of the article is that it develops an alternative scale that addresses these potential limitations; specifically, the proposed scale (1) measures the fixed and growth mindsets as independent constructs (note that We refer to “independence” among constructs (fixed and growth), considering that they are not just two opposite constructs of the same continuum, but different constructs. Thus, we included items for each one to capture the properties of each construct while avoiding the use of the same items in reverse coding), (2) does not use reverse coding, and (3) comprises four dimensions including important variables that should be considered when measuring mindsets: intelligence beliefs, practice and effort, challenges, and multiple intelligence. To this end, we employed a multi‐method approach by combining qualitative research with the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of a survey database to arrive at a 25‐item scale of growth and fixed mindsets. The scale, denoted as the Multidimensional Mindset Scale (MUMIS), satisfies reliability, convergent, divergent, and nomological validity tests. MUMIS opens new avenues to explore the understanding of the effects of specific intelligence beliefs, practice and effort, challenges, and multiple intelligence in fields like consumer behavior, education, psychology, and well‐being.

This paper examines the sustainability of subnational governments in Mexico, focusing on its top 110 most indebted municipalities. We employ dynamic panel data techniques to assess whether municipal debt remained sustainable during 2007–2017. Our study finds that the subnational fiscal position of Mexican municipalities remains sustainable despite the rapid growth of public debt following the 2008 global financial crisis. However, using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that random disturbances can significantly impact municipal governments’ debt, deteriorating governments’ finances after the shocks materialize.

This paper evaluates public debt sustainability in all 32 subnational Mexican states from 1993 to 2016. Using dynamic panel data methods, we find several interesting results. First, although subnational public debt in Mexican states, in general, is still sustainable, in some states, fiscal stances have been compromised in recent years. Second, using different political indicators, we notice that these factors do not affect public debt accumulation. Third, when taking subsample characteristics into account, we observe that smaller, more open, and less dynamic states have more compromised fiscal stances, particularly following the recent global financial crisis.

The development of organizational strategies to face crises should identify, analyze, and use employee emotions. This study provides a comparative perspective between the emotions of non-frontline employees in essential and non-essential companies during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic – an event that caused major organizational crises. Content analysis identified the same emotions in both industries, albeit to different extents. Employees in the essential industry expressed more interest, less sympathy, and less anxiety, which may have occurred due to a more significant sense of purpose and security in this industry. Hopefulness, gratitude, and love appeared similarly in both essential and non-essential industries. Work-related variables and demographics have no significant contribution toward the prevalence of emotions. As a contribution, this study uncovered similarities and differences between industries, providing a relevant and profound understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic shaped the emotional state of non-frontline employees.