Objective To analysis the epidemiological scenery of the congenital syphilis (CS) in Brazil employing spatial analysis techniques. Design Ecological study. Settings This study was conducted in Brazil Sample A total of 151 601 CS cases notified to the Diseases and Notification Information System from 2007 to 2018 from children aged 0–23 months and born from mothers living in Brazil were included in this study. Primary outcome measures The CS incidence rates were calculated by triad (2007–2010, 2011–2014 and 2015–2018) for all Brazilian municipalities following the Boxcox transformation to remove the discrepant values. The transformed rates were analysed through the spatial autocorrelation of Moran, Kernel density estimative and spatial scan. Results From 2007 to 2018, the CS incidence rates increased in all Brazilian regions. The CS spread towards the interior of Brazil, and a higher expansion was noticed between 2015 and 2018. The municipalities that were greatly affected by the CS were those having a high migration of people, such as the ones bordering other countries and the touristic cities. Recife, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre and Manaus were the capitals with the greatest spatial and spatiotemporal risk. Conclusion This study provides assistance to health authorities to fight CS in Brazil. More investment is necessary in prenatal care quality focusing on pregnant women and their partners to guarantee their full access to preventive resources against sexually transmitted infections.

Introduction: This study aimed to identify factors associated with late diagnosis and clinically monitor newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients. Method: Retrospective study, based on secondary data from a specialized unit at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto of the University of Sao Paulo. Data collection included sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and laboratory data of newly diagnosed HIV patients between 2015 and 2019. Data analysis was undertaken using inferential statistical tests. Results: A total of 314 individuals were newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, 86.6% (272) had a late diagnosis and 53.8% (169) were diagnosed very late. Using the adjusted odds ratio, we observed that bisexual and MSM patients were less likely to have a late diagnosis compared to straight patients. Individuals who entered through the emergency department and Outpatient Clinic had a lower chance of having a very late diagnosis compared to those diagnosed in the ward/inpatient unit. Having a higher education and university education were protective factors against having a very late diagnosis of HIV infection compared to elementary school education only. In addition, male patients were more likely to have a very late diagnosis compared to female patients. Conclusions: This study evidenced a high prevalence of late and very late diagnoses. Therefore, attention should be directed towards factors related to late and very late presentation.

Objectives: analyze the association between the level of HIV knowledge among young people from Amazonas region, their sociodemographic profile and infection risk factors. Methods: cross-sectional analytical study, which used a structured questionnaire containing questions about sociodemographic, behavioral aspects and HIV knowledge. Data were grouped by sex and underwent ordinal and binary logistic regression analysis. Results: the students had an HIV knowledge deficit, associated with a low educational level of their parents and low family income. The most frequent risk factors were lack of knowledge on the part of female students regarding proper male condom use, their infrequent use in sexual relations and failure to do HIV testing. There was an association between level of knowledge and use of dating apps by female students. Conclusions: there was no association between level of knowledge and the preponderant risk factors, but the students’ knowledge deficit rendered them more vulnerable to infection.

Background: Colombia has the fourth highest incidence rate of HIV/AIDS among all Latin American countries and it has been increasing since the 1980s. However, the number of studies that addresses this trend is limited. Here, we employed spatial and temporal trend analyses to study the behaviour of the epidemic in the Colombian territory. Methods: Our sample included 72,994 cases of HIV/AIDS and 21,898 AIDS-related deaths reported to the National Ministry of Health between 2008 and 2016. We employed the joinpoint regression model to analyse the annual HIV/AIDS incidence and AIDS mortality rates. In the spatial analysis, we used univariate autocorrelation techniques and the Kernel density estimator. Results: While the HIV/AIDS incidence had an increasing trend in Colombia, the AIDS mortality rate was stable. HIV/AIDS incidence and AIDS mortality showed a downward trend in the 0–14 age group. An upward trend was observed for HIV/AIDS incidence in people older than 15 years and with the highest trend in the 65 years and above group. AIDS mortality showed an increasing trend among people aged 65 years or older. The comparison between the sexes showed an upward trend of HIV/AIDS incidence in all age groups and AIDS-mortality rates in 65 years and above in men, while in women, the incidence was upward among those aged 45 years and above, and concerning the AIDS-mortality rate in the 45–64 group. The high–high clusters of HIV/AIDS incidence and AIDS mortality were located in the Andean and Caribbean regions. Conclusion: Our study found an upward trend in HIV/AIDS incidence and a stable trend in the AIDS mortality rate in Colombia. The downward trend in HIV/AIDS incidence and AIDS mortality rate in the 0–14 age group reflects the downwards mother-to-child HIV transmission. The upward trend in HIV/AIDS incidence in older women and AIDS mortality in younger women rates, compared with men, may be due to late diagnosis and treatment. The Caribbean and the ‘coffee belt’ regions were the most impacted by the HIV epidemic, most likely due to sexual tourism. Our results provide crucial information that may help Colombian health authorities fight HIV transmission.

Background: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV and syphilis and associated factors among elderly people from subnormal agglomerations in a city in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out in a subnormal agglomerate from the Brazilian Amazon. Data collection was conducted from August 2021 to February 2022, using a structured questionnaire. Whole blood samples were collected to perform a rapid test for HIV and syphilis. People aged 50 and over were included in the study, and the sample consisted of 213 participants. The odds ratio was calculated by multiple logistic regression. Results: A total of 203 participants with a mean age of 63.5 years were considered (95% CI: 62.4; 64.6; standard deviation: 8.1; minimum age: 50 years and maximum age: 94 years). The prevalence of either HIV or syphilis was 16.4% (35/213; 95% CI: 0.11; 0.21); syphilis was 15.5% (33/213) and HIV was 1.40% (3/213). One coinfection (0.46%; 1/213) was registered. In the final multiple logistic regression, the elderly with an education level of illiterate/elementary were two times more likely to have a positive rapid test result for HIV or syphilis. Conclusions: Testing for HIV and syphilis identified that STI represented a burden on populations affected by socioeconomic inequality.

RESUMOObjetivos: Avaliar o acesso e a acessibilidade às Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) nas diferentes regiões do Brasil, caracterizando-os segundo os componentes organizacional e de infraestrutura. Metodologia: Pesquisa avaliativa, de natureza quantitativa, com delineamento transversal descritivo, fundamentada nos dados do terceiro ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica. Resultados: A maioria das UBS (84,4%) possuem horário fixo de funcionamento; 46,3% mantém atividades no horário do almoço; 87,1% apresentaram todos os ambientes com sinalização, facilitando acesso dos usuários; 21,7% apresenta estrutura divergente do estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde. Conclusão: Houve disparidades regionais nos achados encontrados em âmbito nacional quanto ao acesso e à acessibilidade. Na avaliação geral, o componente organizacional aponta conformidade com o preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde e, no componente infraestrutura, a acessibilidade indicou percentuais que demandam avanços para melhoria do acesso.Descritores: Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde, Unidade Básica de Saúde, Atenção Primária à Saúde. ABSTRACTObjectives: Evaluate access and accessibility to Basic Health Units (BHU) in different regions of Brazil, characterizing them according to organizational and infrastructure components. Methodology: Evaluative research, of quantitative nature, with descriptive cross-sectional design, based on data from the third cycle of National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care. Results: Most BHU (84.4%) have fixed opening hours; 46.3% maintain activities at lunchtime; 87.1% presented all environments with signage, facilitating access of users; 21.7% presents a structure that differs from that established by the Ministry of Health. Conclusão: There were regional disparities in the findings found nationwide regarding access and accessibility. In the overall assessment, the organizational component points to compliance with the recommended by the Ministry of Health, and the infrastructure component, accessibility indicated percentages that require advances to improve access.Keywords: Accessibility to Health Services, Health Centers, Primary Health Care. RESUMENObjectivos: Evaluar el acceso y la accesibilidad a las Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) en diferentes regiones de Brasil, multiplasándolas de acuerdo con los componentes organizativos y de infraestructura. Metodología: Investigación evaluativa, de naturaleza cuantitativa, con diseño transversal descriptivo, basada en datos del tercer ciclo del Programa Nacional para la Mejora del Acceso y la Calidad de la Atención Primaria. Resultados: Más UBS (84,4%) tienen horarios de apertura fijos; 46,3% mantener actividades a la hora del almuerzo; El 87,1% presentó todos los entornos con señalización, facilitando el acceso de los usuarios; El 21,7% presenta una estructura que difiere de la establecida por el Ministerio de Salud. Conclusión: Hubo disparidades regionales en los resultados encontrados en todo el país con respecto al acceso y la accesibilidad. En la evaluación general, el componente organizacional apunta al cumplimiento del componente recomendado por el Ministerio de Salud y del componente de infraestructura, la accesibilidad indicó porcentajes que requieren avances para mejorar el acceso.Palabras clave: Accesibilidad a los servicios de salud, atención primaria de salud, atención primaria de salud.