Livestock predation is a global problem and constitutes the main source of conflict between large carnivores and human interests. In Latin America, both jaguar and puma are known to prey on livestock, yet studies in Mesoamerica have been scattered and few have been carried out in Honduras. We interviewed ranchers in a biosphere reserve where jaguars and pumas are present. Local indigenous communities reported livestock predation (average annual loss of 7% from 2010–2019), with preventive and retaliatory killing as their main actions against predation by the jaguar and puma. Other sources of cattle loss included diseases and theft. The extensive management system (free grazing) lets cattle access forests where predators are more common. We found that livestock predation is not random, but rather, related to landscape variables and human influence. Sites farther from human influence and closer to forest cover were more susceptible to predation. Jaguar and puma persistence in the biosphere reserve will require measures that facilitate human–carnivore coexistence and comply with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2 and 15 (zero hunger and biodiversity conservation). We propose management practices to mitigate livestock predation in the presence of large carnivores based on examples of proven human–carnivore coexistence in Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, and Nicaragua, such as improving the spatial arrangement of livestock (maintaining a distance from forest areas) and the incorporation of confinement pens for young calves (at least the first three months of life) and their mothers. If the pens are built close to the property’s house and have constant surveillance and/or dogs, the results are likely to be more effective. Deploying these proven tools may help change the current negative perception of ranchers towards large carnivores that is essential to conservation under the aims of SDG 15. We recommend government policies and support aimed to strengthen livestock health to increase productivity and to reduce their vulnerability to predation. Finally, this study represents a baseline to understand the magnitude of the human–carnivore conflict over cattle in one of the largest biosphere reserves in Mesoamerica.

Deer mice, Peromyscus, thrive in diverse environments and altitudes across North and Central America. The number of extant species continues to be debated with species counts ranging from 53 to 83. This study represents the first comprehensive historical and taxonomic account of the genus Peromyscus for Honduras. We systematically compiled records from all available sources, incorporating verified genetic and morphological evidence. We confirm the presence of P. beatae, P. cordillerae, P. nicaraguae, P. salvadorensis and P. stirtoni for Honduras. The distribution maps provided here include confirmed records and approximate localities in a few cases and offer insights into the geographical distribution of these species in Honduras. Conducting a comprehensive assessment of the taxonomic status of Peromyscus in Honduras is imperative to achieve accurate conservation assessments within the larger Mesoamerican landscape. The present review establishes the baseline for future research on deer mice in Honduras, aiding in the validation of distributions and ecological data for the poorly understood genus Peromyscus in the country.

Societal Impact statement: Herbarium collections are powerful, yet underutilized, tools for global biodiversity conservation and protected area management. By integrating digitized herbarium records with existing biodiversity data, previously unknown plant species were uncovered, exposing critical gaps in conservation knowledge. These insights underscore the urgent need to harness herbarium data to refine conservation strategies, equip decision‐makers with more precise information, and drive evidence‐based policy. Maximizing the potential of these vast botanical archives can transform conservation efforts, safeguarding ecosystems essential for both planetary health and human well‐being. Summary: The world's herbaria represent an invaluable reservoir of biodiversity information, increasingly accessible through the digitization of specimens. This wealth of data serves as a critical tool for informing and shaping national conservation strategies for protected areas. By integrating herbarium data with biodiversity assessments into local management plans, a more efficient and effective approach to conservation is achieved. In species‐rich countries like Honduras, biodiversity knowledge is often represented by herbarium specimens housed in institutions worldwide; however, this valuable information frequently remains excluded from protected area management plans and species lists. A case study focusing on Honduran ferns and lycophytes reveals several significant discrepancies: only 66 unique species are reported in management plans compared to 216 species identified solely in herbarium records for the same protected areas. Approximately 30% of unique species recorded in management plans lack valid vouchers deposited in herbaria. Notably, the incorporation of herbarium data highlights considerable inconsistencies in how biodiversity is reported within Honduras's protected areas, with a Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis indicating a significant difference in community composition between herbarium and management plan records. To address these gaps, we propose a best practice protocol for integrating herbarium data into species lists at the local level, along with targeted determination of herbarium specimens and verification of records for national species lists.

We present a catalog of nine taxa of Castniidae reported for Nicaragua and Honduras including Prometheus zagraea salvina, a first record for Nicaragua. We also include general and field observations of behavior to help explain why members of this family are poorly represented in collections.

Based on a combination of intensive literature review, electronic database searches, re-identification of museum specimens, and fieldwork, we provide an updated checklist of the continental fishes of Nicaragua. This checklist, systematically arranged at the ordinal and familial level, includes nomenclatural revisions, distributional information, conservation status, and when appropriate, cross-references to previous lists and revisionary works on the fish fauna of the country and region (Central America); illustrations and descriptions to the family level and color photographs of some representative species are also included. According to our results, the native Nicaraguan continental fish fauna is composed of 244 species, divided into 111 genera, 45 families, 24 orders, and two classes; increasing by 60 (i.e., 32.6%) the number of species originally reported by Villa (1982; i.e., the most comprehensive work published to date). The majority of the Nicaraguan native continental fish species, according to their supposed tolerance to salinity, are peripheral (68.9%), followed by secondary freshwater fishes (23.8%), and primary freshwater fishes (only 7.4%). Fish diversity in the 19 major river basins ranged between 21 and 90 species (mean = 58 species, median = 60); the Escondido (Es; 87 species), in the Atlantic, and the Pacífico de Nicaragua (PN; 90), in the Pacific, presented the highest species richness. Most species (188) are restricted to elevations between 0 and 100 meters above sea level (masl); only a few species (18), in contrast, were found at elevations greater than 500 masl (up to 780 masl). Fourteen species in this revision are listed as endemic to Nicaragua. Regarding their conservation status, 22 species (9.0%) are categorized, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as Data Deficient, 186 (76.2%) as Least Concern, and seven (2.9%) as Near Threatened; while 24 species (9.8%) are listed as Threatened, thirteen (5.3%) as Vulnerable, two (0.8%) as Endangered, and nine (3.7%) as Critically Endangered. Five species (2.0%) have not yet been evaluated. Six exotic species are also reported. Our results provide a framework for future taxonomic and biogeographic works on fishes from this country and region (Central America), particularly by providing up-to-date knowledge on nomenclature and distributions. In addition, the data provided in this revision will help to monitor fish distributional changes in the future due to human introductions and global change and will aid in conservation decisions concerning Nicaraguan continental fishes.

A new species of Trichoderes Chevrolat, 1843 from Honduras is described and illustrated. An updated key to species of the genus is presented, along with photographs of all species currently included in the genus.