The presence of Salmonella in rivers, lakes, or beaches in South America represents a challenge to public health and aquatic ecosystems. This review explores the distribution, prevalence, and the main factors contributing to the survival and spread of Salmonella, including wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff, and climatic variables such as high temperatures and precipitation. These factors also facilitate the distribution of multidrug-resistant strains in water. The review is based on bibliographic searches in various databases, focusing on Salmonella species, South American countries, and types of water bodies. Predominant serovars include S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, with S. Typhi and S. Panama frequently detected in Chile, S. Enteritidis in Argentina, and S. Typhimurium in Brazil. Less common serovars, including S. Dublin and S. Paratyphi B, were identified, along with subspecies such as diarizonae and houtenae. These findings highlight the role of environmental, physicochemical, and anthropogenic factors influencing Salmonella dynamics. The review identifies research gaps, advocating for further studies to better understand the interactions between Salmonella, climate change, and human activity. Strengthening surveillance and mitigation strategies is crucial to protect water resources and public health in South America.

Embora ainda coexistam no espaço urbano o modelo concêntrico e o disperso de urbanização, considera-se aqui que esse fenômeno reflete mais a cristalização e materialidade dos processos anteriores do que a perpetuação da mesma dinâmica urbana que os fizeram existir. A hipótese perseguida é a de que há um novo padrão de urbanização disperso e fragmentado que tem tornado o tecido urbano socialmente mais heterogêneo e que tal característica coloca novos desafios tanto para a esfera social quanto para a escala individual. Assim, apresenta-se o processo de expansão urbano da Região Metropolitana de Natal (RMN), a partir de uma abordagem espacial e demográfica, em direção ao eixo sul de desenvolvimento urbano. Nesse sentido, observar as transformações ocorridas ao longo da década de 2000 nos permite compreender a dimensão do fenômeno e do processo de dispersão urbana na região e ainda analisar o seu impacto. Os resultados permitem confirmar a ampliação dos espaços de vida associados a uma tendência para a dispersão urbana no sentido sul da RMN, indicando que tais processos também estão por ocorrer em regiões metropolitanas nordestinas.

Waterborne illnesses, including those caused by Salmonella, are an increasing public health challenge, particularly in developing countries. Potential sources of salmonellosis include fruits and vegetables irrigated/treated with surface water, leading to human infections. Salmonella causes millions of gastroenteritis cases annually, but early detection through routine water quality surveillance is time-consuming, requires specialized equipment, and faces limitations, such as coverage gaps, delayed data, and poor accessibility. Climate change-driven extreme events such as floods and droughts further exacerbate variability in water quality. In this context, remote sensing offers an efficient and cost-effective alternative for environmental monitoring. This study evaluated the potential of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to predict Salmonella occurrence in the Maipo and Mapocho river basins (Chile) by integrating spectral, microbiological, climatic, and land use variables. A total of 1851 water samples collected between 2019 and 2023, including 704 positive samples for Salmonella, were used to develop a predictive model. Predicting Salmonella in surface waters using remote sensing is challenging for several reasons. Satellite sensors capture environmental proxies (e.g., vegetation cover, surface moisture, and turbidity) but not pathogens. Our goal was to identify proxies that reliably correlate with Salmonella. Twelve spectral indices (e.g., NDVI, NDWI, and MNDWI) were used as predictors to develop a predictive model for the presence of the pathogen, which achieved 59.2% accuracy. By spatially interpolating the occurrences, it was possible to identify areas with the greatest potential for Salmonella presence. NDWI and AWEI were most strongly correlated with Salmonella presence in high-humidity areas, and spatial interpolation identified the higher-risk zones. These findings reveal the challenges of using remote sensing to identify environmental conditions conducive to the presence of pathogens in surface waters. This study highlights the methodological challenges that must be addressed to make satellite-based surveillance an accessible and effective public health tool. By integrating satellite data with environmental and microbiological analyses, this approach can potentially strengthen low-cost, proactive environmental monitoring for public health decision-making in the context of climate change.

In comparison with many remote parts of the Earth, the watershed Sibinacocha Lake is poorly studied region and the various types of life that habit this region are highly dependent on the waters of this glaciated basin. The present study evaluates the snow cover in this basin associated with changes in air temperatures and precipitation during the period 1984 to 2019. It used the ERA5 high-resolution reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and 35 images from the Landsat satellite. The results showed a statistically significant positive trend in maximum air temperatures whose signal is in agreement with previous studies. Seasonal analysis of maximum temperatures showed positive trends in all seasons, indicating that the highest trends occur during winter and the lowest trends during the southern fall. In addition, there was a 26% decrease in snow cover in general in the basin, and it was evidenced that the greater decreases (53%, approximately) occurred in regions below the altitude of 5300 m. In fact, from this contribution of the study comes the need to carry out more research in this region, especially to support decisions covering agriculture, water resources management and biodiversity studies.

A climatologia, que estuda o clima urbano, tem se tornado cada vez mais importante devido às mudanças nas cidades ao longo do tempo. Fatores naturais ou causados pelo homem influenciam e alteram as características térmicas de uma região. Este trabalho analisou a influência da densidade vegetal no microclima de uma área urbana no bairro Tirol, em Natal-RN, utilizando a técnica do transecto móvel. As diferenças de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar destacam a importância de estudos sobre o campo térmico para o planejamento urbano e a compreensão da dinâmica climática local. O trecho percorrido tem características semelhantes, mas densidade de cobertura vegetal distintas. Os resultados mostraram diferenças de temperatura nos pontos coletados em comparação com áreas de densidade vegetal variada.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o microclima urbano no bairro Tirol, em Natal-RN, correlacionando a sensação térmica humana às características naturais e construídas da área. Em quatro pontos das ruas Apodi e Jundiaí, medições de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento e radiação solar foram realizadas, nos períodos matutino e vespertino. Simultaneamente, aplicaram-se questionários de percepção biometeorológica e calculou-se o PET. Os resultados indicam que a interação entre materiais de construção, cobertura vegetal e arranjo edificatório produz variações significativas no PET e na sensação térmica dos usuários, com áreas sombreadas apresentando PET médio até 3 °C inferior às vias expostas. Esses achados subsidiam intervenções de requalificação urbana, enfatizando a integração de arborização, uso de superfícies de baixa absorção térmica e aproveitamento de fluxos de vento para mitigar ilhas de calor e promover maior conforto ambiental.