Background: Few cosmetic ingredients are shown to be able to safely remove or lighten facial dark spots once they have formed. OG has been reported to possess oxidation power and exhibit various biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, and wound healing promotion.Aims: This study aimed to clarify the effects of OG on human skin, especially on age spots on the face.Methods: OG formulations (80 and 800 ppm) were mixed with synthetic melanin in vitro for 4 weeks and then assessed for its ability to degrade the melanin. OG also investigated its effect on gene expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers in vitro to explore the cell maturation. In clinical study for the evaluation of effects of OG formulations on age spots on facial skin, 48 women were measured for the melanin content of them by a Mexameter at 4 and 8 weeks after daily twice application of OG formulations. Adverse events were monitored during the study.Results: Both OG formulations showed direct melanin degradation in a time‐dependent manner, with significant effects observed as early as 6 h. OG formulation at 800 ppm showed higher activity than OG formulation at 80 ppm, and the amount of melanin was decreased by about 40% on Day 14 of the mixing reaction. Differentiation marker studies using human keratinocytes showed that the gene expression of involucrin and serine palmitoyltransferase was upregulated by OG, which was almost equivalent concentration to OG formulation 80 ppm, suggesting that OGs can enhance turnover of the skin epidermis. In clinical study, OG formulations 80 and 800 ppm showed larger decreases in melanin contents at 8 weeks compared with those at 4 weeks and their mean values of △melanin index were −16.7 and −15.2, respectively. Statistically significant differences were detected against respective controls. Number of subjects with a decrease in melanin index from baseline to 4 or 8 weeks increased in both OG formulations 80 and 800 ppm, especially prominent at 8 weeks. There were no adverse events related to treatments of OG 80 and 800 ppm during the study.Conclusion: The result indicated that applications of OG formulations are safe and effective in lightening age spots on the facial skin.

Glycerin is a widely used ingredient in cosmetics due to its cost-effectiveness and safety. While often used to enhance the texture of cosmetics, current research has demonstrated that it improves cutaneous properties such as enhanced skin hydration and moisturization. Due to its widespread use in cosmetics, enhancing the functional capacities of glycerin provides a promising method to improve the effectiveness of numerous cosmetics. Ozonized glycerin has emerged as a novel technology able to enhance glycerin’s effectiveness with reported anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. This approach leverages ozone stabilization in glycerin for improved stability and prolonged release to the skin. Clinical application of ozonized glycerin has exhibited lightening of aging spots through promoting skin turnover. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enhanced properties of glycerin when ozonized in terms of skin repair and inflammation. Through topical pretreatment of epidermal 3D wound healing models (13 days) and ex vivo human skin biopsies (4 days), ozonized glycerin was able to improve wound closure, enhance skin barrier and extracellular matrix protein expression, and reduce inflammation. Notably, ozonized glycerin enhanced wound closure by 6.8% compared to glycerin, as well as significantly protecting against LPS-induced elastin degradation (67.7% difference from LPS). These data provide evidence for the use of ozonized glycerin as a new technology to prevent and diminish skin inflammation and improve wound repair.