Background/Objectives : Although systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined immune-inflammatory indices in cardiovascular disease (CVD), the evidence remains scattered and inconsistent. This umbrella review aims to synthesize findings and evaluate the overall predictive value of these indices for clinical outcomes. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Medline for systematic reviews with meta-analyses assessing neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) in patients with CVD. Study quality and certainty of evidence were appraised using AMSTAR-2 and GRADE, respectively. Results: A total of 35 meta-analyses covering 106 unique outcomes were included, of which 87 showed significant associations. Elevated NLR and SII were consistently linked to higher risks of CVD mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. PLR and SIRI were primarily associated with poor recovery from stroke and increased mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Specifically, the methodological quality of the included reviews was generally moderate to high according to AMSTAR-2, whereas none of the associations reached high certainty based on GRADE, with most rated as low or very low and about one-quarter as moderate certainty. Conclusions: The overall certainty of evidence remains limited according to GRADE, alongside methodological heterogeneity, population variability, and inconsistent thresholds that further restrict the direct applicability of these findings in clinical practice. Nevertheless, available evidence indicates that elevated immune-inflammatory indices are likely associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with CVD. Future research should prioritize establishing standardized cutoffs, improving methodological consistency, and validating these indices across diverse populations to support their integration into clinical risk-stratification frameworks.

Evidence has suggested that sensation and socio-psychological factors may be associated with cognitive impairment separately in older adults. However, the association between those risk factors and cognitive impairment is still unknown. To investigate the association between sensation, perception, negative socio-psychological factors, and cognitive impairment in institutionalized older adults. From two public aged care facilities, 215 participants were investigated. The Mini-mental State Examination was applied to assess cognitive function. The sensory function was bifurcated into auditory and somatosensory realms which were evaluated using pure tone audiometry and Nottingham Sensory Assessment, respectively. Albert's test, left and right resolution, and visuospatial distribution were used to evaluate perception. Depression and social isolation were selected as negative socio-psychological factors and were evaluated by the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Lubben Social Network Scale. The multivariate analysis was performed utilizing binary logistic regression. Participants with moderately severe or severe hearing loss exhibited significant cognitive impairment compared to those with mild hearing loss. It was observed that perceptual dysfunction and depression were independently related to cognitive impairment. However, there was no significant association between somatosensory function, social isolation, and cognitive impairment in the institutionalized older adults. More profound hearing loss, abnormal perception, and depression are associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. Subsequent research endeavors should delve into the causal mechanisms underpinning these associations and explore whether combined interventions have the potential to postpone the onset of cognitive impairment.

Obesity is a major public health concern among police officers, yet the links between occupational stress, disordered eating, and obesity remain unclear. This cross-sectional study examined 496 North Carolina officers to (1) assess severity of occupational stress (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] symptoms, anti-police sentiment, fear of victimization), disordered eating (binge eating and loss-of-control eating), and obesity by county type, region, and sex; (2) evaluate associations between occupational stress and disordered eating; and (3) explore relationships between disordered eating and weight-related measures. Officers completed online surveys, and trained staff measured body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, and waist-to-hip ratio. Nearly 60 percent of officers were classified as obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²), and over 20 percent reported moderate to severe binge eating. Rural officers reported higher PTSD symptoms, binge eating, and loss-of-control eating than those in urban or suburban areas. Coastal Plain and Piedmont officers had higher BMI and larger waist and hip circumferences than those in the Mountain region. Higher occupational stress was linked to more severe disordered eating, which was associated with greater BMI and adiposity, although the effect sizes were modest. Findings support targeted interventions addressing occupational stress and disordered eating to prevent obesity and enhance officer well-being.

Background: Evidence has suggested that sensory and socio-psychological factors may be associated with cognitive impairment separately in older adults. However, the association between those risk factors and cognitive impairment within the context of COVID-19 is still unknown. Objective: To investigate whether sensory, perception and negative socio-psychological factors are associated with cognitive impairment among older adults in the context of COVID-19.Methods: From two public aged care facilities, 215 participants were investigated. The Mini-mental State Examination was applied to assess cognitive function. The sensory was divided into hearing sensory and somatosensory which were evaluated using pure tone audiometry and Nottingham Sensory Assessment, respectively. Albert’s test, left and right resolution, and visuospatial distribution were used to evaluate perception. Depression and social isolation were selected as negative socio-psychological factors and were determined by the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Lubben Social Network Scale. The binary logistic regression analysis was used for the multivariate analysis. Results: Participants with moderately severe or severe hearing loss exhibited significant cognitive impairment compared to those with mild hearing loss. It was observed that perception dysfunction and depression were independently related to cognitive impairment. However, there was no significant association between somatosensory, social isolation, and cognitive impairment in those institutionalized older adults. Conclusion: More profound hearing loss, abnormal perception, and depression are associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. Further studies are needed to investigate the causal mechanistic basis of these associations and whether the combined interventions could delay the onset of cognitive impairment.