Accurate detection of fractures in X-ray images is important to initiate appropriate medical treatment in time—in this study, an advanced combined attention CNN model with multiple attention mechanisms was developed to improve fracture detection by deeply representing features. Specifically, our model incorporates squeeze blocks and convolutional block attention module (CBAM) blocks to improve the model’s ability to focus on relevant features in X-ray images. Using computed tomography X-ray images, this study assesses the diagnostic efficacy of the artificial intelligence (AI) model before and after optimization and compares its performance in detecting fractures or not. The training and evaluation dataset consists of fractured and non-fractured X-rays from various anatomical locations, including the hips, knees, lumbar region, lower limb, and upper limb. This gives an extremely high training accuracy of 99.98 and a validation accuracy 96.72. The attention-based CNN thus showcases its role in medical image analysis. This aspect further complements a point we highlighted through our research to establish the role of attention in CNN architecture-based models to achieve the desired score for fracture in a medical image, allowing the model to generalize. This study represents the first steps to improve fracture detection automatically. It also brings solid support to doctors addressing the continued time to examination, which also increases accuracy in diagnosing fractures, improving patients’ outcomes significantly.

The three-dimensional (3D) printing in medical implants unlocks unparalleled opportunities to completely configure the product to the patient’s measurements and needs. To be noted, the use of personalized 3D printed orthosis used in regeneration for serious orthosis implants of specific patients is growing to date. The 3D printed is unique to the patient instruments that can be used to facilitate correct positioning of implants and improved functional outcomes. The 3D printing, also defined as ‘rapid prototyping’ and ‘additive manufacturing’ is widely regarded as the ‘second technological revolution. The orthosis is an “externally applied mechanism used to alter the structural and functional properties of the musculoskeletal and skeletal system”. Applications in orthosis healthcare that are pioneering the way 3D printing is performed, changing the orthosis implant markets. This paper is reporting literature on the development of orthosis using 3D printing technology that could make the users more comfortable and easier to maintain. From the literature search, this paper summarises some important information about the use of 3D printing for orthosis development where it focusses on specific regions of human body, the materials for the 3D printed orthosis and further directions of this technology and research. In conclusion, the findings from this review paper may lead to a future recommendation and study in providing better treatment for patients.