Significance: Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) made thus far are inherently polydisperse due to variations in surface nucleic acid density, particle size, or both. In this article, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two types of molecular SNAs with precise numbers of surface DNA strands using T₈polyoctahedral silsesquioxane and buckminsterfullerene C₆₀scaffolds. The surface DNA densities for these molecular structures fall inside the range of typical SNAs, which allows them to exhibit SNA-related properties, including enhanced cellular uptake and the ability to function as a gene regulation agent. With a route to molecularly pure SNAs opened, it becomes possible to use them to unveil the molecular details of SNA interactions with complementary ligands and living systems.

Triazole fungicides are used broadly for the control of infectious diseases of both humans and plants. The surge in resistance to triazoles among pathogenic populations is an emergent issue both in agriculture and medicine. The non-rational use of fungicides with site-specific modes of action, such as the triazoles, may increase the risk of antifungal resistance development. In the medical field, the surge of resistant fungal isolates has been related to the intensive and recurrent therapeutic use of a limited number of triazoles for the treatment and prophylaxis of many mycoses. Similarities in the mode of action of triazole fungicides used in these two fields may lead to cross-resistance, thus expanding the spectrum of resistance to multiple fungicides and contributing to the perpetuation of resistant strains in the environment. The emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates of human pathogens has been related to the exposure to fungicides used in agroecosystems. Examples include species of cosmopolitan occurrence, such as Fusarium and Aspergillus, which cause diseases in both plants and humans. This review summarizes the information about the most important triazole fungicides that are largely used in human clinical therapy and agriculture. We aim to discuss the issues related to fungicide resistance and the recommended strategies for preventing the emergence of triazole-resistant fungal populations capable of spreading across environments.

Uma série de líquidos iônicos 1-alquil éter (e 1-alquil)-3-metilimidazólio 2-4 ([CxOyMIm]+[Ânion]??��� ou [CxMIm]+[Ânion]??���, onde MIm = 3-metilimidazólio; CxOy = 1-alquil éter, C7O3 =-(CH2)2O(CH2)2O(CH2)2OCH3 (A), C3O1 = -(CH2)2OCH3 (B); Cx = 1-alquil, C10 = C10H21 (C), C4 = C4H9 (D); e [Ânion]??��� = H3CSO3 ??��� (2), BF4 ??��� (3) ou PF6 (4)) foram preparados e caracterizados. A força da ligação de hidrogênio entre o cátion e o ânion dos líquidos iônicos 2-4 depende principalmente do ânion e diminui na ordem H3CSO3 ??��� > BF4 ??��� > PF6 ??���. Todos os líquidos iônicos metanosulfonatos 2 possuem uma forte desblindagem para o próton H2 do ciclo imidazólio. Os líquidos iônicos funcionalizados com um grupo 1-alquil éter mostram densidades mais altas em comparação com seus equivalentes do grupo 1-alquil. Os sais 2a-b, 3a-d e 4a-b são líquidos iônicos à temperatura ambiente. E, todos os líquidos iônicos 1-alquil éter funcionalizados (exceto 4b) são completamente amorfos. As maiores faixas líquidas foram obtidas com os líquidos iônicos tetrafluoroborato devido as suas solidificações a temperaturas baixas e excelente estabilidade térmica. Estes dados fornecem informações importantes para o entendimento sobre possíveis aplicações e a preparação de líquidos iônicos com tarefas específicas.A set of 1-alkyl ether (and 1-alkyl)-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids 2-4 ([CxOyMIm]+[Anion]??�or [CxMIm]+[Anion]??�, where MIm = 3-methylimidazolium; CxOy = 1-alkyl ether, C7O3 =-(CH2)2O(CH2)2O(CH2)2OCH3 (A), C3O1 = -(CH2)2OCH3 (B); Cx = 1-alkyl, C10 = C10H21 (C), C4 =C4H9 (D); and [Anion]??� = H3CSO3??� (2), BF4??� (3) or PF6??� (4)) was prepared and characterized. The cation-anion hydrogen bonding strength showed to be mainly anion dependent and decreased in the order H3CSO3 ??� > BF4 ??� > PF6 ??�. All methanesulfonate ionic liquids 2 possessed a strongly deshielded H2 imidazolium ring proton. 1-Alkyl ether functionalized ionic liquids showed higher densities in comparison to their 1-alkyl equivalents. The salts 2a-b, 3a-d and 4a-b are room-temperature ionic liquids. All 1-alkyl ether functionalized ionic liquids (except 4b) are completely amorphous. The widest liquid ranges were obtained with the tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids due to their late solidification and excellent thermal stability. These data provide important information for the understanding of their application scope and the preparation of task-specific ionic liquids