Melioidosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is a serious public health and safety risk. In order to explore the global animal melioidosis risk distribution and its dynamic response to future climate scenarios, we collected global data about reported animal incidence sites. Data regarding the density of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the environment were created by collecting and sorting information about the Burkholderia pseudomallei occurrence sites in contaminated air, soil, and water. Combined with bioclimatic variables, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) niche was modeled for global animal melioidosis. The findings indicate that under current bioclimatic conditions, global animal melioidosis risk regions are concentrated between 30° S and 30° N, with high-risk areas being mainly in Central America, the northern part of South America, and eastern and southern India, among others. Most countries will expand their risk regions under future climatic scenarios. Melioidosis risk expanding towards higher northern latitudes has led to new epidemic areas. In addition, the melioidosis risk area will contract in some areas. Therefore, we have provided a basis for global melioidosis surveillance and propose feasible strategies for prevention and control in high-risk regions, which will help countries to carry out targeted surveillance and prevention to reduce risks and losses.

K. pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that leads to widespread infection in humans and animals, seriously threatening human health and animal husbandry development. In our research, we investigated the biological characteristics of the isolate by using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing, biochemical assay, and drug sensitivity test. Moreover, the pathogenicity study, including the bacteria load determination, the histopathology examination, and the RNA sequencing was carried out to explore whether the isolate could cause lung injury in mice through intraperitoneal injection. The results indicated that the isolate was identified as K. pneumoniae and named as KPHN001. The drug susceptibility test showed that KPHN001 was only sensitive to polymyxin B and furazolidone, and was resistant to other 28 antibiotics. In the bacteria load determination, the highest bacterial load of the organs was found in the spleen, and abundant bacterial colonization was also found in the lung. The histopathology showed the mainly acute inflammations in the lung were due to congestion, edema, and exudation. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were expressed massively in mice. In the present research, the biological characteristics and pathogenesis of clinically isolated K. pneumoniae were systematically studied, revealing the pathogenic mechanism of K. pneumoniae to animals, and providing a theoretical basis for the following prevention, control, and diagnosis research.

(1) Background: Pasteurellosis is a global zoonotic bacterial disease, which has caused significant economic impacts in animal husbandry. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the immune response between goat peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and goat-derived Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida). (2) Methods: To investigate the immune response of host PBLs during infection with P. multocida type D, we established an in vitro cell model utilizing isolated primary goat PBLs. Utilizing this in vitro infection model, we employed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the cytokine profile variation in goat PBLs following infection. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods were employed to analyze the gene expression profile. (3) Results: The ELISA test results indicated that the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL10, and IL-17A, were significantly elevated within 12 h after infection with P. multocida. In contrast, the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were found to be reduced. RNA sequencing and functional enrichment analysis identified 2114 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were primarily associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, viral protein-cytokine interactions, and the IL-17 signaling pathway. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and qPCR highlighted CD86, CCL5, CD8A, CXCL8, CTLA4, TNF, CD274, IL-10, IL-6, CXCL10, IFNG, and IL-17A that were crucial for the response of PBLs to P. multocida infection. (4) Conclusions: This study systematically revealed the characteristics of PBLs in goats following infection with goat-derived P. multocida type D through the analysis of cytokines and gene expression, providing important theoretical insights for a deeper understanding of the defense mechanisms in goats against P. multocida.

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capricolum (Mcc) is an important member of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (Mm cluster) and causes caprine contagious agalactia. Mcc can infect goats of all age groups, especially pregnant ewes and kids. It can cause the abortion in pregnant ewes and the death of goat kids, leading to enormous losses in the goat breeding industry. To date, the prevalence of epidemic Mcc strains on Hainan Island, China, remains unclear. This study aimed to isolate and identify Mcc strains endemic to Hainan Island, China. Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis were performed to reveal the molecular characteristics and evolutionary relationships of the isolated strain. Mcc HN-B was isolated and identified in Hainan Island, China. The Mcc HN-B genome consists of a 1,117,925 bp circular chromosome with a 23.79% G + C content. It contains 912 encoding genes, 3 gene islands, and 14 potential virulence genes. The core genome with the features of the Mm cluster and the specific genes of Mcc HN-B were identified by comparative genomic analysis. These results revealed the evolutionary relationship between Mcc HN-B and other members of the Mm cluster. Our findings provide a reference for further studies on the pathogenic mechanism and local vaccine development of Mcc.

(1) Background: Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is an opportunistic pathogen and is mainly associated with respiratory diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats. (2) Methods: In this study, a mouse infection model was established using a M. haemolytica strain isolated from goats. Histopathological observations were conducted on various organs of the mice, and bacterial load determination and RNA-seq analysis were specifically performed on the spleens of the mice. (3) Results: The findings of this study suggest that chemokines, potentially present in the spleen of mice following a M. haemolytica challenge, may induce the migration of leukocytes to the spleen and suppress the release of pro-inflammatory factors through a negative feedback regulation mechanism. Additionally, an interesting observation was made regarding the potential of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells congregating in the spleen to differentiate into immune cells, which could potentially collaborate with leukocytes in their efforts to counteract M. haemolytica invasion. (4) Conclusions: This study revealed the immune regulation mechanism induced by M. haemolytica in the mouse spleen, providing valuable insights into host–pathogen interactions and offering a theoretical basis for the prevention, control, and treatment of mannheimiosis.

The prevalence of infectious diseases in sheep and goats has a significant impact on the development of the sheep and goat industry and public health security. The identification and analysis of pathogens are crucial for infectious disease research; however, existing databases pay little attention to sheep and goat diseases, and pathogen data are relatively scattered. Therefore, the effective integration, analysis and visualization of these data will help us conduct in-depth research on sheep and goat infectious diseases and promote the formulation of disease prevention and control strategies. This article considered the pathogens of 44 infectious diseases in sheep and goats as the main research objects and collected and downloaded relevant scientific literature, pathogen genomes, pathogen transcriptomes, pathogen occurrence records, and other data. The C# programming language and an SQL Server database were used to construct and realize the functions of the Sheep and Goat Pathogen Database (SGPD) within a B/S architecture based on the ASP.NET platform. The SGPD mainly provides an integrated platform for sheep and goat pathogen data retrieval, auxiliary analysis, and user upload, including several functionalities: (1) a Disease Introduction module that queries basic information regarding the 44 recorded sheep and goat infectious diseases, such as epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and prevention and control measures; (2) an Omics Information module that allows users to query and download the genome and transcriptome data related to the pathogens of sheep and goat infectious disease, and provide sequence alignment functionality; (3) a Pathogen Structure module that enables users to view electron micrographs of pathogen structure and tissue sections related to sheep and goat disease from publicly published research; (4) a Literature Search module based on the “Pathogen Dictionary” search strategy that facilitates searches for published research related to pathogens of infectious disease; (5) a Science Popularization module that allows users to view popular science materials related to sheep and goat infectious diseases; and (6) a Public Health module that allows users to query the risk factors of zoonotic disease transmission and the corresponding related literature, and realize the visualization of pathogen distribution. The SGPD is a specialized sheep and goat pathogen information database that provides comprehensive resources and technical support for sheep and goat infectious disease research, prevention, and control.