Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a number of alkylquinolone-type secondary metabolites best known for their antimicrobial effects and involvement in cell-cell communication. In the alkylquinolone biosynthetic pathway, the β-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase III (FabH)-like enzyme PqsBC catalyzes the condensation of octanoyl-coenzyme A and 2-aminobenzoylacetate (2-ABA) to form the signal molecule 2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone. PqsBC, a potential drug target, is unique for its heterodimeric arrangement and an active site different from that of canonical FabH-like enzymes. Considering the sequence dissimilarity between the subunits, a key question was how the two subunits are organized with respect to the active site. In this study, the PqsBC structure was determined to a 2 Å resolution, revealing that PqsB and PqsC have a pseudo-2-fold symmetry that unexpectedly mimics the FabH homodimer. PqsC has an active site composed of Cys-129 and His-269, and the surrounding active site cleft is hydrophobic in character and approximately twice the volume of related FabH enzymes that may be a requirement to accommodate the aromatic substrate 2-ABA. From physiological and kinetic studies, we identified 2-aminoacetophenone as a pathway-inherent competitive inhibitor of PqsBC, whose fluorescence properties could be used for in vitro binding studies. In a time-resolved setup, we demonstrated that the catalytic histidine is not involved in acyl-enzyme formation, but contributes to an acylation-dependent increase in affinity for the second substrate 2-ABA. Introduction of Asn into the PqsC active site led to significant activity toward the desamino substrate analog benzoylacetate, suggesting that the substrate 2-ABA itself supplies the asparagine-equivalent amino function that assists in catalysis.

Mitragyna is a genus belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is a plant endemic to Asia and Africa. Traditionally, the plants of this genus were used by local people to treat some diseases from generation to generation. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is a controversial plant from this genus, known under the trading name “kratom”, and contains more than 40 different types of alkaloids. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine have agonist morphine-like effects on opioid receptors. Globally, Mitragyna plants have high economic value. However, regulations regarding the circulation and use of these commodities vary in several countries around the world. This review article aims to comprehensively examine Mitragyna plants (mainly M. speciosa) as potential pharmacological agents by looking at various aspects of the plants. A literature search was performed and information collected using electronic databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, directory open access journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar in early 2020 to mid-2021. This narrative review highlights some aspects of this genus, including historical background and botanical origins, habitat, cultivation, its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, abuse and addiction, legal issues, and the potential of Mitragyna species as pharmaceutical products.

Piper betle var. nigra is a tropical plant closely related to the common piper. P. betle has also been dubbed a promising source of natural antioxidants in herbal health products, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell lines K562 and HL-60, and antileishmanial. The aim of this study to observation Antimicrobial activity and isolation of chemical compound. The antimicrobial activity of P. betle extract was performed by well diffusion method against two oral pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis) and opportunistic pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans). The inoculum (bacterial and yeast suspension) was prepared from a 24-h culture on NB for bacterial suspension and on TSB for yeast suspension. Extraction and isolation using various method of chromatography. Isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic means. Our study showed antimicrobial activity from crude ethanol extract of leaves P. betle L. var. nigra against two oral pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogenic yeast with concentration 0.5% and 1%. The first report of two new amides derivatives, piperenamide A (1) and piperenamide B (2) in P. betle L. var. nigra.

Jamu, sebagai warisan pengobatan tradisional Indonesia, telah digunakan secara turun-temurun untuk menjaga kesehatan dan mengobati berbagai penyakit. Seiring meningkatnya kesadaran global akan manfaat produk alami, potensi jamu kini dieksplorasi secara ekstensif dalam pengembangan produk nutrasetikal dan makanan fungsional modern. Artikel review komprehensif ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara mendalam aplikasi farmakologis dari bahan-bahan jamu, mengidentifikasi senyawa bioaktif, serta menganalisis tantangan dan inovasi dalam formulasi produk-produk tersebut. Kami mengulas peran ganda dari metabolit primer dan sekunder, dengan fokus pada senyawa bioaktif utama seperti kurkuminoid, andrografolida, dan gingerol, yang terbukti memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi, antioksidan, dan imunomodulator. Selain itu, kami menganalisis tantangan formulasi kritis seperti stabilitas, bioavailabilitas, dan isu organoleptik. Solusi teknologi canggih seperti mikroenkapsulasi, nanoteknologi (nanoemulsi, liposom), dan penggunaan bioenhancers juga dibahas secara rinci. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa integrasi jamu ke dalam produk modern memerlukan pendekatan ilmiah yang ketat, termasuk standardisasi ekstrak, validasi klinis yang transparan, dan regulasi yang jelas, untuk menjamin keamanan dan khasiatnya. Artikel ini memberikan landasan ilmiah yang kuat untuk penelitian dan pengembangan jamu di masa depan

This study aimed to obtain mouth gel formula ​​from extract of black betel leaves which effectively kill microbes that cause inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and tooth decay (caries). The mouth gel formulation ​​from black betel leaves extract has been made by various concentrate of Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose (HEC) as a mucoadhesive polymer. The optimized mouth gel base determine by evaluation the physical which includes organoleptic, viscosity, pH, the spreadability, and consistency after 16 days storage. The evaluation test was done with pH 7.21 (which lowest) - 7.78 (the highest). The spreadability after 16 days storage of 50 grams for formula 1, formula 2, formula 3 each is 11.33 cm, 5.60 cm, and 4.70 cm. The consistency of the mouth gel formulation ​​from black betel leaves extract on formula 1, formula 2, and formula 3 are no changes occurred up to 16 days of storage. The viscosity obtained after 16 days of storage for formula 1, formula 2, and formula 3 respectively are 4.30 dpas, 37 dpas, and 80 dpas. The result showed that formula 2 has better formulation. Keywords: antimicrobials ,mouth gel, black betel, gingivitis, cavities ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formula gel mulut dari ekstrak daun sirih hitam yang secara efektif membunuh mikroba yang menyebabkan peradangan pada gusi (gingivitis) dan kerusakan gigi (karies). Formulasi gel mulut dari hitam sirih ekstrak daun telah dibuat oleh berbagai konsentrasi Hidroksi Etil Selulosa (HEC) sebagai polimer mukoadhesif. Dioptimalkan basis gel mulut menentukan dengan evaluasi fisik yang meliputi organoleptik, viskositas, pH, spreadability, dan konsistensi setelah 16 hari penyimpanan. Tes evaluasi dilakukan dengan pH 7.21 (yang terendah) - 7.78 (tertinggi). The spreadability setelah 16 hari penyimpanan 50 gram untuk formula 1, rumus 2, rumus 3 masing-masing adalah 11,33 cm, 5,60 cm, dan 4,70 cm. Konsistensi formulasi gel mulut dari daun sirih hitam ekstrak formula 1, rumus 2, dan 3 rumus ada perubahan terjadi hingga 16 hari penyimpanan. Viskositas diperoleh setelah 16 hari penyimpanan untuk formula 1, rumus 2, dan 3 masing-masing adalah rumus 4.30 dpas, 37 dpas, dan 80 dpas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula 2 memiliki formulasi yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: antimkroba , gel mulut, sirih hitam, gingivitis, cavities