Приведены результаты анализа метода переработки органических отходов и производства новой продукции, а также качество входных и выходных продуктов. Рассчитаны показатели процесса пиролиза отходов в зависимости от степени нагревания и температуры обработки биомассы. Приведены результаты анализов проводенной для определения содержания влаги, количество летучих веществ в составе биоугля и для определения углерода в составе биоугля, для дальнейшего использования биоуголь в внесении в почву. Продукты для получения биоуголь были привезены с разных регионов Франции. Условия проведения анализа соответствует с требованиями установленной к лабораторным исследованиям, при этом подобрана нижеследующие показатели вещества и процессов: масса образца ≈ 30 (мг); температура 900 (°C); скорость нагрева 10 (°C.ми); время пребывания 60 (мин); атмосфера N₂/Air; скорость потока газа 100 (мл.мин^-1) Процесс пиролиза заключается в преобразовании органических веществ под действием нагрев в инертной атмосфере, исходя из чего установлено при температуре 350…400 ⁰С, минимальная показатели нагревания 35…40 град ⁰С/мин., и максимальная производительности биоугля, которая повышает насыпная плотность, агрегатная устойчивость, гидравлическая проводимость, способность удержание воды и питательных веществ, емкость катионного обмена почвы, pH почвы. Приведены результаты добавления полученных биоугла в почву, вызывает изменения физических, химических и микробиологических свойств почвы и повышения пористость, насыпная плотность, агрегативная устойчивость, гидравлическая проводимость, способность удержания воды и питательных веществ, емкость катионного обмена почвы, pH почвы, состав и микробная активность в конечном результате приведет к плодородья.

The generation of aerosols with narrow droplet-size distributions remains a key challenge in liquid atomization technologies used in agricultural, chemical-processing, and environmental applications. This study presents an experimental investigation of spray characteristics produced by an inertial rotary atomizer equipped with an internal hydrodynamic flow-conditioning system. The experiments were conducted using a Box–Behnken experimental design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Fifteen experimental runs, including three center-point replicates, were performed to evaluate the combined effects of the operating parameters. Liquid flow rate, rotor rotational speed, and spraying height were selected as independent variables. The response variables included the characteristic droplet diameters (d₁₀, d₅₀ and d₉₀), the Span coefficient, and droplet deposition density (N). Quadratic regression models were fitted to the experimental data to explore the influence of the operating parameters on spray characteristics; however, statistical diagnostics indicated limited predictive capability, and the models were therefore used primarily for exploratory interpretation of response trends within the investigated design space. The experimental results indicated that rotor speed exhibited the strongest tendency to influence droplet-size characteristics within the investigated operating range, while increasing liquid flow rate was associated with larger droplet diameters, consistent with the expected effect of increased liquid-film thickness. Within the investigated atomizer configuration, relatively narrow droplet-size distributions were experimentally observed under selected operating conditions. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that internal hydrodynamic flow conditioning may contribute to liquid-film destabilization and subsequent breakup. However, its independent contribution cannot be isolated from the present experiments because an otherwise identical baseline atomizer without the flow-conditioning element was not tested. Within the model-predicted favorable operating region (liquid flow rate of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ m³·s⁻¹, rotor rotational speed of 4600–5100 min⁻¹, and spraying height of 30 cm), the fitted response-surface model predicted a volume median droplet diameter of approximately 64 μm. Separately, the minimum experimentally observed Span coefficient was approximately 0.58, indicating a relatively narrow deposited-droplet-size distribution within the investigated operating range. This model-predicted region was not independently verified by a dedicated confirmation experiment and therefore should not be interpreted as an experimentally validated optimum. The proposed physical interpretation considers hydrodynamic flow conditioning as a plausible additional mechanism contributing to spray uniformity, although its quantitative validation requires dedicated flow diagnostics and CFD analysis. The obtained results characterize the spray behavior of the developed atomizer within the investigated operating domain and provide an experimental basis for future comparative studies aimed at quantifying the independent contribution of the internal flow-conditioning system. These findings provide experimental evidence supporting further investigation of this concept and may contribute to the development of rotary atomizers for precision agricultural spraying and other engineering applications requiring controlled droplet-size distributions.

The use of outdated fuel consumption standards reduces the economic efficiency and environmental sustainability of modern agricultural production. This study aimed to refine fuel consumption standards and evaluate the energy performance of tractor–machine combinations during major agricultural operations using telemetry-based monitoring. Field experiments were conducted under real production conditions using DFM electronic fuel flow meters integrated with the CAN bus and BLE wireless data transmission. Comparative analyses of conventional and minimum tillage systems were performed using real-time telemetry data collected during plowing, harrowing, seeding, spraying, cultivation, harvesting, and transportation operations. Statistical and regression analyses revealed significant relationships between operating speed, fuel consumption, and specific energy consumption. Minimum tillage reduced useful specific energy consumption by 5.7% (543.5 kWh/ha) and total specific energy consumption by 17.1% (1078.3 kWh/ha) compared with conventional tillage. A strong non-linear relationship R² = 0.985 was identified between operating speed and process energy consumption. The proposed telemetry-based methodology improves the accuracy of fuel consumption assessment and provides a practical basis for developing adaptive fuel consumption standards under actual operating conditions. Furthermore, the transition to minimum tillage and telemetry-based monitoring enables significant carbon footprint reduction, mitigating CO₂ emissions by over 560 tonnes per 10,000 ha annually, thereby supporting the decarbonization of mechanized agricultural operations.

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью повышения эффективности кормопроизводства в условиях аридных регионов и ограниченности природных ресурсов, что особенно актуально для животноводства Республики Казахстан. Одним из перспективных направлений решения данной задачи является внедрение автоматизированных гидропонных систем производства полнорационных зеленых кормов, обеспечивающих круглогодичное получение высокопитательной кормовой биомассы при минимальном потреблении воды и земельных ресурсов. Целью настоящего исследования является разработка и научное обоснование комбинированной автоматизированной системы производства гидропонных полнорационных кормов на основе биоактивной среды сапропелевого происхождения с применением алгоритмов искусственного интеллекта для предиктивного управления технологическими параметрами выращивания. В работе использованы методы инженерного проектирования, математического моделирования процессов ультрафиолетовой дезинфекции и светотехнического обеспечения, а также экспериментальные исследования влияния концентрации сапропеля на продуктивность гидропонного зеленого корма. Разработан контейнерный автоматизированный комплекс производительностью до 500 кг/сутки, оснащенный интеллектуальной системой мониторинга и управления параметрами микроклимата, освещения, полива и питательной среды. Установлено, что оптимальная концентрация сапропеля в питательном растворе составляет 2,0 %, при которой достигается максимальная урожайность гидропонной биомассы 29,8 кг/м², что на 35,4 % превышает контрольные значения. Оптимальная плотность фотосинтетического потока определена на уровне 300 мкмоль/м²·с. Внедрение предиктивных алгоритмов искусственного интеллекта позволило снизить расход воды на 31,2 % и энергопотребление на 28,7 %. Разработанная система обеспечивает снижение затрат на кормопроизводство на 30–40 % и может быть рекомендована для промышленного внедрения в условиях аридных регионов.

The high energy consumption of conventional mixers equipped with active mixing elements necessitates the development of more efficient technologies for mixing bulk materials and feed mixtures. This study proposes a gravity-based mixing method based on the rotation of an inclined cylindrical chamber without the use of active mixing elements. During rotation, the mixture components move toward both end walls of the chamber and simultaneously perform circular motion along the inner cylindrical surface, which intensifies the mixing process and reduces energy consumption. A structural and technological design of the gravity mixer was developed, and an experimental prototype was manufactured. Analytical relationships were obtained to determine the critical rotational speed of the chamber, particle movement velocity, and the power required for the mixing process. Laboratory experiments showed that the average particle movement velocity was 1.21 m/s and the average friction coefficient was 0.40. Under optimal operating conditions, the mixture uniformity reached 95.7% after 4 min of mixing. The mixer productivity was 0.95 t/h, while the specific energy consumption was 0.5 kWh/t, which is 2.5 times lower than that of conventional mixers equipped with active mixing elements. The obtained results confirm the potential of the proposed gravity-based mixing method for preparing feed and organomineral mixtures in small-scale farming systems.

The high energy consumption of conventional mixers equipped with active mixing elements necessitates the development of more efficient technologies for mixing bulk materials and feed mixtures. This study presents a gravity-driven mixing approach based on the rotation of an inclined cylindrical chamber, eliminating the need for active mixing elements. During chamber rotation, the mixture components move toward both end walls while simultaneously undergoing a circular motion along the inner cylindrical surface. This movement intensifies the mixing process and reduces energy consumption, thereby providing an energy-efficient gravity-based mixing approach that operates without active mixing elements. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the key physical and mechanical properties of the sapropel, organic fertilizer, and compound feed (formulation K-60-1). The measured values were as follows: velocity on an inclined steel surface, 0.65–1.21 m/s; coefficient of friction, 0.40–0.91; bulk density, 453–1166 kg/m³; and angle of repose, 36–39°. The experimental results confirmed the validity and adequacy of the developed analytical relationships. A structural and technological design of the gravity mixer was developed, and an experimental prototype was manufactured. Analytical relationships were obtained to determine the critical rotational speed of the chamber, particle movement velocity, and the power required for the mixing process. Under optimal operating conditions, the mixture uniformity reached 95.7% after 4 min of mixing. The mixer productivity was 0.95 t/h, while the specific energy consumption was 0.5 kWh/t, which is 2.5 times lower than that of conventional mixers equipped with active mixing elements. The obtained results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed gravity-based mixing method for the preparation of feed and organomineral mixtures under the operating conditions of small-scale farms.