In the process of biogas production, various types of substrates with suitable energy potential are utilized to generate biogas in plants designed for cogeneration (CHP) of electricity and heat. This paper presents a literature review focused on different substrates involved in biogas production, emphasizing their optimization potential. Data for this research were gathered through a comprehensive review of scientific and scholarly literature from global databases. The study examines the biogas production capabilities of various feedstocks employed in cogeneration plants, highlighting the energy potential of substrates, including livestock byproducts such as liquid and solid manure, energy crops, organic waste from the food and slaughterhouse industries, as well as municipal wastewater and solid organic waste. Furthermore, we conducted a practical case study in the municipality of Čačak, which provides valuable insights into effective practices and strategies that can be broadly applied to enhance biogas production in similar contexts. The findings reveal significant variations in biogas production potential among different substrates, emphasizing the importance of strategic selection and management practices. This study contributes to the field by providing a clearer understanding of the substrate optimization process and practical insights that can inform the development of more effective biogas production strategies in local municipalities.

In the process of biogas production, various types of substrates with suitable energy potential are utilized, which in turn are used to generate biogas in plants designed for cogeneration (CHP) of electricity and heat. This paper presents a literature review focused on different substrates involved in biogas production, emphasizing their optimization potential. Data for this research were gathered through a comprehensive review of scientific and scholarly literature from global databases. The study examines the biogas production capabilities of various feedstocks employed in cogeneration plants. It highlights the energy potential of different substrates, including livestock byproducts such as liquid and solid manure, energy crops, organic waste from the food and slaughterhouse industries, as well as municipal wastewater and solid organic waste. The potential yield of biogas is expressed per tone of fresh, dry, or organic dry weight of the substrate. Furthermore, the findings are utilized to optimize biogas production specifically in the municipality of Čačak. Insights from this review aim to contribute to the development of effective strategies for utilizing diverse feedstocks in biogas plants.

The Sustainable Development Agenda, adopted by the United Nations in September 2015, represents a comprehensive framework aimed at addressing a wide range of global challenges through the establishment of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the role of Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12) in achieving the SDGs, with a particular focus on target 12.3, which addresses food losses and waste reduction. The paper highlights the negative impacts of the current economic development model on the environment, such as climate change, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. In order to explore solutions to these challenges, current initiatives and strategies are considered, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the European Green Deal, and the concept of the Circular economy, all of which aim to promote sustainable development models. In the context of achieving Goal 12, food losses and waste reduction are essential for sustainable development. Key aspects of this process include raising consumer awareness about the issue of waste and enhancing cooperation among all participants in the food supply chain. These strategies contribute to effective resource management and addressing environmental challenges, thereby supporting sustainable development. The Sustainable Development Agenda emphasizes that patterns of responsible consumption and production-specifically food losses and waste reduction-are prerequisites for mitigating negative environmental impacts. These challenges are particularly pronounced in the domestic environment, necessitating urgent measures to promote sustainable practices and integrate ecological aspects into economic planning. Food waste reduction is a key component, as local studies in Serbia indicate significant amounts of waste generated in households, negatively impacting natural resources and the environment.

For the rational utilisation of available biomass resources for energy production, it is crucial to collect, process, and transport them at times when the energy potential is highest. Obtaining information on the type, location and quantity of available energy sources is slow and unreliable without a developed ENERGY MAP. Therefore, the creation of an ENERGY MAP for a given area is of great importance and serves the needs of interested companies and local self-governments. In this paper, the GIS software QGis and Geo Python are used to create a table that is constantly updated to create a GIS energy map of available biomass resources. The application of this methodology enables efficient analysis and management of biomass resources. The generated map provides important information about the availability and locations of biomass resources, allowing for better planning and decision making regarding their utilisation for energy purposes. The paper describes the process of creating a form for users of available biomass feedstocks to determine the dependence of energy potential on the moisture content of the source resources, and the interpretation of the results by obtaining up-to-date data on the type and energy potential of waste biomass feedstocks at the source sites.

The use of waste wood and agricultural biomass as renewable energy sources has in recent years been a practical and reliable way to obtain energy in most EU countries. Numerous scientific and practical researches are focused on the possibilities of using different sources of waste wood and plant biomass for energy purposes, as well as for other possible needs. A well- planned supply chain of waste wood and plant biomass in Serbia, with appropriate preparatory technologies, can significantly influence the rational use of available resources. This paper presents an analysis of the requirements for the use of available resources of waste wood and agricultural biomass in Serbia for appropriate purposes.

Wood and agricultural remains, such as raw materials can be used for heating (30% cheaper than gas from gas pipeline, 50% of electricity or heating oil), for electricity production and for other needs. In this paper, modern integrated solutions for the application of biomass and cogeneration will be presented. With such solutions, synthetic gas with certain content of methane is obtained in the gasification area, and then purified and used in a CHP (Combined Heat and Power) e.g., internal combustion engine. The gasification of waste wood and agricultural biomass for heat and / or electricity in the CHP plant preserves and saves optimally available resources. Gas obtained by gasification in the cogeneration plant is used in the gas engine that has an asynchronous generator for electricity production on its shaft. As for waste wood and agricultural biomass, they are very little used in energy in Serbia for energy purposes. The main reason for the non-use of waste and agricultural biomass for energy purposes in some production existences is due to the underdeveloped supply chains in the form of fuels that is suitable for use for energy purposes of these manufacturers. For the rational use of these resources, it is necessary to perform a study for defined energetic territories, which, among other things, should contain data for types and available quantities, formation of origin and energy potentials.