Recently, the application of renewable energy sources (RESs) for power distribution systems is growing immensely. This advancement brings several advantages, such as energy sustainability and reliability, easier maintenance, cost-effective energy sources, and ecofriendly. The application of RESs in maritime systems such as port microgrids massively improves energy efficiency and reduces the utilization of fossil fuels, which is a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, ports are receiving several initiatives to improve their energy efficiency by deploying different types of RESs based on the power electronic converters. This paper conducts a systematic review to provide cutting-edge state-of-the-art on the modern electrification and infrastructure of seaports taking into account some challenges such as the environmental aspects, energy efficiency enhancement, renewable energy integration, and legislative and regulatory requirements. Moreover, the technological methods, including electrifications, digitalization, onshore power supply applications, and energy storage systems of ports, are addressed. Furthermore, details of some operational strategies such as energy-aware operations and peak-shaving are delivered. Besides, the infrastructure scheme to enhance the energy efficiency of modern ports, including port microgrids and seaport smart microgrids are delivered. Finally, the applications of nascent technologies in seaports are presented.

Recently, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electrical power systems is witnessing a large attention due to their inexhaustibility, environmental benefits, storage capabilities, lower maintenance and stronger economy, etc. Among these RESs, offshore wind power plants (OWPP) are ones of the most widespread power plants that have emerged with regard to being competitive with other energy technologies. However, the application of power electronic converters (PECs), offshore transmission lines and large substation transformers result in considerable power quality (PQ) issues in grid connected OWPP. Moreover, due to the installation of filters for each OWPP, some other challenges such as voltage and frequency stability arise. In this regard, various customs power devices along with integration control methodologies have been implemented to deal with stated issues. Furthermore, for a smooth and reliable operation of the system, each country established various grid codes. Although various mitigation schemes and related standards for OWPP are documented separately, a comprehensive review covering these aspects has not yet addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to compare and relate prior as well as latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) schemes and associated grid codes prevalent for the interconnection of OWPP based power grid have been deliberated. In addition, various PQ issues and mitigation options such as FACTS based filters, DFIG based adaptive and conventional control algorithms, ESS based methods and LVRT requirements have been summarized and compared. Finally, recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.

The significant benefits of DC microgrids have instigated extensive efforts to be an alternative network as compared to conventional AC power networks. Although their deployment is ever-growing, multiple challenges still occurred for the protection of DC microgrids to efficiently design, control, and operate the system for the islanded mode and grid-tied mode. Therefore, there are extensive research activities underway to tackle these issues. The challenge arises from the sudden exponential increase in DC fault current, which must be extinguished in the absence of the naturally occurring zero crossings, potentially leading to sustained arcs. This paper presents cut-age and state-of-the-art issues concerning the fault management of DC microgrids. It provides an account of research in areas related to fault management of DC microgrids, including fault detection, location, identification, isolation, and reconfiguration. In each area, a comprehensive review has been carried out to identify the fault management of DC microgrids. Finally, future trends and challenges regarding fault management in DC-microgrids are also discussed.

Zero-emission transportation is currently a public priority, especially in big cities. For this reason, the use of electric vehicles (EVs) is receiving much attention. To facilitate the adoption of EVs, a proper charging infrastructure together with energy management is essential. This article proposes a design guideline for a direct current (DC) charging station with bipolar properties. A bipolar system can convert a two-wire system into three wires in a microgrid system with a neutral line. The configuration of the bipolar system supports different loads; therefore, the unbalanced operation is inherent to the system. The proposed bipolar DC charging station (CS) has a three-level balancing converter that reduces the step-down effort chargers. Moreover, this paper proposes the continuous-control-set model predictive control (CCS-MPC)-based balancing strategy that allows the handling of different output loads while keeping the neutral-line voltage efficiently regulated with improved dynamic performance compared to a traditional controller. Stability and parameter robustness analyses are also performed for the control parameter selection. To ensure the performance of the proposed method, both simulation and experimental results are presented and compared with those obtained from the traditional methods.

Grid faults are found to be one of the major issues in renewable energy systems, particularly in wind energy conversion systems (WECS) connected to the grid via back-to-back (BTB) converters. Under such faulty grid conditions, the system requires an effective regulation of the active (P) and reactive (Q) power to accomplish low voltage ride through (LVRT) operation in accordance with the grid codes. In this paper, an improved finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) scheme is proposed for a PMSG based WECS to achieve LVRT ability under symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults, including mitigation of DC-link voltage fluctuation. With proposed predictive control, optimized switching states for cost function minimization with weighing factor (WF) selection guidelines are established for robust BTB converter control and reduced cross-coupling amid P and Q during transient conditions. Besides, grid voltage support is provided by grid side inverter control to inject reactive power during voltage dips. The effectiveness of the FCS-MPC method is compared with the conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller in case of symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults. The simulation and experimental results endorse the superiority of the developed FCS-MPC scheme to diminish the fault effect quickly with lower overshoot and better damping performance than the traditional controller.

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has catalyzed the urgency of a resilient and sustainable charging infrastructure. This study addresses this issue by harnessing offshore wind energy resources to meet the charging demands, particularly in remote coastal regions. The primary challenge tackled in this research involves the complex management of power flow dynamics due to the inherent variability of wind energy and the stochastic nature of EV charging demands, modeled using probabilistic distributions to represent varying arrival times, charging durations, and power requirements of EVs. This work introduces a pioneering framework centered on the development of a wind-powered electric vehicle charging system (EVCS) that utilizes a medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) bus. An enhanced decentralized model predictive control (MPC) strategy was employed that distinguishes itself from conventional control paradigms due to its heightened adaptability and proficient management of the dynamic interactions among wind energy generation, energy storage systems (ESS), EV charging demands, and grid interactions. Rigorous simulations and real-time hardware-in-loop studies underscore the efficacy of the MPC strategy in preserving the voltage stability within the MVDC bus while optimizing the power flow, thereby minimizing energy losses and ensuring grid resilience. These results validate the viability of the proposed wind energy-integrated EVCS as an integral component of seaport grid infrastructure.