Introduction: Prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSAV) is used to monitor men with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa), with a normal cut-off point of 0.3–0.5 ng/mL/year. The aim of the study is to establish the predictive capacity of PSAV (value and acceleration) and of the free PSA/total PSA index or ratio. Method: Prospective multicentre observational study in 2035 men of over 47 years of age. Inclusion criteria: men who wished to be informed on the health of their prostate. Exclusion criteria: men with a previously diagnosed prostate condition. Groups: GA: (n = 518): men with serum PSA equal to or greater than 2.01 ng/mL. GB: (n = 775): men with serum PSA greater than or equal to 0.78 ng/mL and less than 2.01 ng/mL. GC: (n = 742): men with serum PSA less than 0.78 ng/mL. Variables: prostate-specific antigen (PSA); age; body mass index (BMI); PSA velocity (PSAV) (ng/mL per year); free PSA/total PSA index (iPSA); PSAV acceleration (increasing: positive, or decreasing: negative); prostate diagnosis (benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), or infectious and non-infectious prostatitis and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa)); de novo diagnoses of urinary tract diseases or conditions; concomitant treatments, diseases and conditions; final diagnosis of prostate health. Results: Mean age 62.35 years (SD 8.12), median 61 (47–94); age was lowest in GC. Mean BMI was 27.89 kg/m² (SD 3.96), median 27.58 (18.56–57.13); no differences between groups. Mean PSAV was 0.69, SD 2.16, median 0.13 (0.001–34.46); PSAV was lowest in GC. Mean iPSA was 27.39 u/L (SD 14.25), median 24.29 (3.7–115); iPSA was lowest in GA. PSAV had more positive acceleration in GA and more negative acceleration in GC. There were 1600 (78.62%) cases of normal prostate or BPH, 322 (15.82%) cases of PIN or non-infectious prostatitis, and 113 (5.55%) cases of PCa. There were more cases of BPH in GC and more cases of PIN or prostatitis and cancer in GA (p = 0.00001). De novo diagnoses: 15 cases of urinary incontinence (UI), 16 discomfort/pain in LUT, 112 cases of voiding disorders, 12 urethral strictures, 19 hematuria, 51 cystitis, 3 pyelonephritis, 4 pelvic inflammatory disease; no differences were found between groups. In the multivariate analysis, PSAV and the direction of PSAV acceleration (positive or negative) were the variables which were correlated most strongly with prostate health. iPSA was associated with the presence of prostatitis, PCa, and BPH. Men in GA had more prostatitis, PCa, treatment with alpha blockers, and history of previous smoking. GB had more cases of BPH and more positive acceleration of PSAV. GC had more normal prostates, more BPH, more use of ranitidine, and more PSAV with negative acceleration. Conclusions: PSAV, direction of PSAV acceleration, and iPSA in PSA cut-off points of 0.78 ng/mL and 2.01 ng/mL in a priori healthy men over 47 predict the probability of benign or malignant pathology of the prostate.

Objective: To prove the benefits of pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback (BFB) as a complementary treatment in women with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). Methods: Prospective, randomized study in 123 women with BPS/IC. Groups: BFB+ (n = 48): women with oral drug treatment (perphenazine and amitriptyline) plus intravesical instillations (sodium hyaluronate) plus pelvic floor muscle training with BFB; BFB−: (n = 75): women with oral drug treatment plus intravesical instillations. Variables: age, body mass index (BMI), time of follow-up, length of disease, time free of disease, diseases and health conditions concomitant, and responses to the SF-36 health-related quality of life questionnaire at the first consultation (SF-36 pre-treatment), and at the end of the study (SF-36 post-treatment). The treatment was considered successful when the SF-36 score reached values equal to or greater than 80 points or when the initial value increased by 30 or more points. Results: Mean age was 51.62 years old (23–82). BMI was higher in BFB−. The mean length of BPS/IC condition was 4.92 years (1–20), shorter in BFB+ than in BFB−. Mean SF-36 score pre-treatment was 45.92 points (40–58), lower in BFB+ than in BFB−. Post-treatment SF-36 score was higher than pre-treatment SF-36 score both in BFB+ and BFB−. SF-36 values were higher in BFB+ compared to BFB− over the follow-up. Conclusions: BFB improves quality of life in women with BPS/IC as adjunct therapy to combined oral and intravesical treatment.

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness in the treatment of erectile dysfunction when using PDE-5 inhibitors (PDE5i), alprostadil (PG-E1) and testosterone (TES) in monotherapy or combination therapy. Material and Methods: Observational multicentre retrospective study of men diagnosed and treated for ED between January 2008 and January 2014. Age, social and employment situation, pathological medical history, risk factors, usual treatments, IIEF-5 at the first consultation and at first and each 6 months follow-ups, physical examination, calculated total and free testosterone and received treatment were analysed. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA analysis, Chi2 for qualitative data, t-test, Fisher's exact test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used; p < 0.05 is considered significant. Results: Average age was 58.61 years, SD5.02, average follow- up time 48.21 months, SD 6.21, range 6-174 months. Out of the patients 76.12% were married, 9.81% divorced/separated, 10.04% single, 4.03% widowed; 85.14% of the total in stable partnership but 66.16% were not accompanied by their partners. In total 844 patients received monotherapy (597 PDE5i; 62 PG-E1; 36 TES; 27 penile prosthesis; 121 psychotherapy/alternative therapies) and 357 combination therapy (167 PDE5i+TES; 124 PDE5i+PGE1; 66 PG-E1+TES). There was a homogeneous distribution between risk factors and medical history groups. Satisfactory response according to IIEF-5 was achieved for 72.33% of patients on PDE5i monotherapy, 46.65% of patients on PDE5i+PG-E1 combination therapy and 83.41% of patients on PDE5i+TES. Conclusions: The best therapeutic success for ED in this series was achieved through a combination of testosterone+PDE-5 inhibitors without increasing morbidity and maintaining the response over time. Larger studies with longer follow-up will corroborate these findings.

Background: When conservative management fails, patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) are considered for surgical treatment. Simpler, more economical and less invasive surgical techniques, such as the Remeex^® system, have been developed. Objectives: To analyze the objective effectiveness of the Remeex^® system in the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence. To study survival and complication rates of the Remeex^® system in male SUI patients. Materials and methods: Prospective observational study between July 2015 and May 2020. Group A (n = 7; GA) patients with mild SUI. Group B (n = 22; GB) patients with moderate SUI. Group C (n = 18; GC) patients with severe SUI. Effectiveness was assessed by the number of patients achieving complete and partial dryness. Complete dryness was defined as patients using 0–1 safety pads per day; partial dryness as a >50% reduction in the number of pads used. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test. Chi2, Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA, and multivariate analysis. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Mean age 69.76 years, mean follow-up 33.52 months. Objective effectiveness was observed in 89.36% of patients with incontinence. The effectiveness was 85.71% in GA, 90.91% in GB and 88.89% in GC. There were no significant differences among groups (p = 1.0000). 34.04% of patients with an implant required at least one readjustment, while 66.00% did not require any. There were no significant differences among groups (p = 0.113) Chi2 = 4.352. 95.74% of implants remained in place by the end of follow-up. We observed complications in 17.02% of patients. Conclusions: Remeex^® system is an effective and safe method for male stress urinary incontinence treatment, regardless of the severity of the incontinence, with high survival and low complication and removal rates. System readjustments are required in one-third of the cases.

The influence of tobacco on the microbiological spectrum, resistance-sensitivity pattern and evolution in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) is analyzed. Evaluation of the effect of polyvalent bacterial vaccine on the prevention of RUTI and smoking status. Retrospective multicenter study of 855 women with RUTI receiving suppressive antibiotic treatment or bacterial vaccine between 2009 and 2013. Group A (GA): Antibiotic (n=495); Subgroups: GA1 non-smoker (n=417), GA2 smoker (n=78). Group B (GB): Vaccine (n=360); Subgroups: GB1 non-smoker (n=263), GB2 smoker (n=97). Age, pre-treatment UTI, disease-free time (DFT), microbial species, sensitivity and resistance. Follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months with culture and SF-36 questionnaire. Mean age 56.51 years (18-75), similar between groups (P=.2257). No difference in the number of pretreatment UTIs (P=.1329) or in the distribution of the bacterial spectrum (P=.7471). DFT was higher in subgroups B compared with A. Urine cultures in GA1: E. coli 62.71% with 8.10% resistance (33% quinolones; 33% cotrimoxazole; 33% quinolones + cotrimoxazole); in GA2 E. coli 61.53% with 75% resistance (16.66% quinolones; 33.33% quinolones + cotrimoxazole; 16.66% amoxicillin-clavulanate; 16.66% erythromycin + phosphomycin + clindamycin) (P=.0133). There were no differences between patients of GA treated with cotrimoxazole and nitrofurantoin (P=.8724). Urine cultures in GB1: E. coli 47.36% with 22.22% resistance (5.55% ciprofloxacin; 5.55% cotrimoxazole; 5.55% ciprofloxacin + cotrimoxazole; 5.55% amoxicillin/clavulanic acid). In GB2 E. coli 70.02% with 61.90% resistances (30.76% quinolones; 30.76% cotrimoxazole; 30.76% quinolones + cotrimoxazole; 17.69% amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) (P=.0144). The development of bacterial resistance is more frequent among women with smoking habits and recurrent urinary infections. This could influence a worse response to preventive treatments, either with antibiotics or vaccines.

Aims: The effect of the antithrombotic preventive therapy on haemorrhage keeps uncertain. We investigate the influence of the antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs (AP/AC drugs) on the transfusion requirement after vesical transurethral resection (VTUR). We also describe the epidemiology of the blood components transfusion in our department. Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational study of a series of patients needing blood transfusion at the Urology Department between June 2010 and June 2013. Selection of 100 consecutive patients who were transfused after VTUR due to bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) (group A = GA). Control group: 100 consecutive patients who underwent VTUR due to BTCC and were not transfused (group B = GB). Transfusion criteria: Haemoglobin < 8 g/dl + anaemia symptoms. Age, gender, associated AP/AC treatment, secondary diagnoses, toxics, tumour stage and grade were analysed. Results: 212 patients required transfusion of a blood component. 169 were men (79%) and 43 women (21%). Median age 77.59 years (SD 9.42, range 50-92). Secondary diagnoses: Diabetes Mellitus 64%, high blood pressure 77%, dyslipidemia 52%. 60% of patients were previously treated with AP/AC drugs. Average Haemoglobin pre-transfusion values: 7.4 g/dl (DE ± 0.7). Average Haemoglobin post-transfusion values: 8.9 g/Dl (DE ± 0.72). Most frequent transfusion indications were bladder cancer (37%), kidney cancer (11%), prostate cancer (8%), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP) (8%), other urological diagnoses (36%). Intraoperative transfusions indicated by the anaesthesiologist: kidney cancer (33%), BPH (28%). Patients who underwent VTUR due to BTCC were older in GA (77.59 years SD 9.42) than in GB (68.98 years SD 11.78) (p = 0.0001). Similar gender distribution (15 women in GA and 24 in GB). Less patients were asked to keep their treatment with ASA 100mg (AcetylSalicylicAcid) in GA (25.64%) than in GB (50%) (p = 0.0330). More aggressive tumour grade in GA (p = 0.0003) and higher stage in GA (p = 0.0018) regardless of concomitant treatment with AP/AC drugs. Conclusions: The pathologies which most needed blood components' transfusions in the Urology Department were (in order of frequency): bladder cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, prostate adenoma. ASA100mg did not influence the transfusion's requirements in VTUR due to BTCC. Tumour stage and higher grade have a greater influence in transfusion's requirements than concomitant AP/AC treatment. The heterogeneity of AP/AC protocols does not allow to establish the benefit of stopping those drugs before surgery in terms of avoiding blood transfusions when performing a VTUR.