You Only Look Once (YOLO) has established itself as a prominent object detection framework due to its excellent balance between speed and accuracy. This article provides a thorough review of the YOLO series, from YOLOv1 to YOLOv10, including YOLOX, emphasizing their architectural advancements, loss function improvements, and performance enhancements. We have benchmarked the officially released versions from YOLOv3 to YOLOv10 and YOLOX, using widely recognized datasets VOC07+12 and COCO2017, on diverse hardware platforms: NVIDIA GTX Titan-X, RTX 3060, and Tesla V100. The benchmark provides significant insights, such as YOLOv9-E achieving the highest mean average precision (mAP) of 76.0% on VOC07+12 and also showing superior detection accuracy on COCO2017 with an mAP of 56.6% which is 1.2% higher than that of the latest YOLOv10-X. YOLOv9-E stands out for its superior detection accuracy making it more suitable for detection needs high accuracy such as analysis of medical images, while some lightweight versions like YOLOv5-S, YOLOv7-S, YOLOv8-S, and YOLOv10-S offer the great balance of accuracy and speed, making them ideal for real-time applications. Among them, YOLOv7-S has the highest mAP value among these lightweight models. Inference benchmarks highlight lightweight YOLO models such as YOLOv10-S for their exceptional inference speed on all GPUs and results of training time also indicate YOLOv9-E would take the longest time to converge among all versions using both datasets. This study would provide researchers and developers with some strategies in choosing appropriate YOLO models based on accuracy, resource availability, and application-specific needs.

Surface wettability is recognized as playing an important role in pool boiling and the corresponding heat transfer curve. In this work, a systematic study of pool boiling heat transfer on smooth surfaces of varying wettability (contact angle range of 5° − 180°) has been conducted and reported. Based on numerical simulations, boiling curves are calculated and boiling dynamics in each regime are studied using a volume-of-fluid method with contact angle model. The calculated trends in critical heat flux and Leidenfrost point as functions of surface wettability are obtained and compared with prior experimental and theoretical predictions, giving good agreement. For the first time, the effect of contact angle on the complete boiling curve is shown. It is demonstrated that the simulation methodology can be used for studying pool boiling and related dynamics and providing more physical insights.