Energy management strategy is the essential approach for achieving high energy utilization efficiency of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) due to their ultra-high intrinsic impedance. However, the proven management efficiency in practical applications remains low, and the output regulation functionality is still lacking. Herein, we propose a detailed energy transfer and extraction mechanism addressing voltage and charge losses caused by the crucial switches in energy management circuits. The energy conversion efficiency is increased by 8.5 times through synergistical optimization of TENG and switch configurations. Furthermore, a TENG-based power supply with energy storage and regularization functions is realized through system circuit design, demonstrating the stable powering electronic devices under irregular mechanical stimuli. A rotating TENG that only works for 21 s can make a hygrothermograph work stably for 417 s. Even under hand driving, various types of TENGs can consistently provide stable power to electronic devices such as calculators and mini-game consoles. This work provides an in-depth energy transfer and conversion mechanism between TENGs and energy management circuits, and also addresses the technical challenge in converting unstable mechanical energy into stable and usable electricity in the TENG field.

The charge trapping failure effect ensures that the actual output efficiency of a charge excitation-triboelectric nanogenerator (CE-TENG) reaches 100%, and thus achieves a record-high charge density of 4.13 mC m⁻².