Photovoltaic (PV) system researchers continue to be intrigued by innovative models that describe PV performance under a wide range of conditions. The development of a precise mathematical model using experimental measurements information from PV modules is a necessary component for constructing I-V and P-V dynamic characteristics using system parameters. This paper presents a new PV model using Hunter–Prey Optimization (HPO) and Wild Horse Optimizer (WHO). The parameters of photovoltaic panels are obtained using such an effective optimization technique and manufacturer datasheets as well as experimental data. In this topic, the HPO and WHO have been developed to extract the PV model parameters of solar cells or modules. The HPO and WHO parameters extraction can be employed in Three Diode Model (TDM). Furthermore, the Route Mean Square Error (RMSE) value between the data of the model’s optimised parameters and the measurement data of the photovoltaic modules is used as the objective function (OF). To verify the efficacy of the HPO and WHO in extracting photovoltaic characteristics, R.T.C. France Solar Cell, Photowatt-PWP201 panel, and thin-film PV systems were used as case studies with different circumstances, such as variations in solar irradiance and module temperature. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed HPO and WHO for parameter extraction of various photovoltaic panels throughout various operational circumstances are proven by simulation results as well as statistical measurements. The results show that, considering the case study of R.T.C. France solar cell as a reference case, the finest RMSE values are 7.56748×10-04 and 7.51198×10-04 for HPO and WHO, respectively. Moreover, the statistical results demonstrate that the efficiencies of the HPO and WHO algorithms are 98.37% and 91.06%, respectively. Furthermore, the PV characteristics of the estimated models and those of the datasheets are matched.

In this paper, bi-directional DC-DC converter is analyzed using a seamless dynamic model with an independent voltage source and an independent current source, which polarity depends on the direction of the power flow. In the seamless dynamic model, the independent voltage source represents a battery and an independent current source represents the load or energy source. A small signal model is derived using a state space averaging method, and simulated results about the transient response characteristics are presented.