Microplastics (MPs), particularly fibrous MPs, have emerged as a significant environmental concern due to their pervasive presence in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The textile industry is a significant contributor to MP pollution, particularly through the production of synthetic fibers and natural/synthetic blends, which release substantial amounts of fibrous MPs. Among the various types of MPs, fibrous MPs account for approximately 49–70% of the total MP load found in wastewater globally, primarily originating from textile manufacturing processes and the domestic laundering of synthetic fabrics. MP shedding poses a significant challenge for environmental management, requiring a comprehensive examination of the mechanisms and strategies for the mitigation involved. To address the existing knowledge gaps regarding MP shedding during the textile production processes, this brief review examines the current state of MP shedding during textile production, covering both dry and wet processes, and identifies the sources and pathways of MPs from industrial wastewater treatment plants to the environment. It further provides a critical evaluation of the existing recycling and upcycling technologies applicable to MPs, highlighting their current limitations and exploring their potential for future applications. Additionally, it explores the potential for integrating sustainable practices and developing regulatory frameworks to facilitate the transition towards a circular economy within the textile industry. Given the expanding application of textiles across various sectors, including medical, agricultural, and environmental fields, the scope of microplastic pollution extends beyond conventional uses, necessitating urgent attention to the impact of fibrous MP release from both synthetic and bio-based textiles. This brief review consolidates the current knowledge and outlines the critical research gaps to support stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers in formulating effective, science-based strategies for reducing textile-derived microplastic pollution and advancing environmental sustainability.

Heterocycles consisting of nitrogen atom, Indazole, is a pungent, biological, heterocyclic, bicyclic compounds possessing electron rich portions. Indazole composed of two nitrogen atoms put under the azoles family, further called as isoindazolone. It is a colorless solid nitrogen–containing heterocyclics with atomic formula C7H6N2 are extraordinary scaffolds, still identified as isoindazole. So, analogs of Indazole have experienced expert approach in later times because of its special biological properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-HIV, and antihypertensive actions. 1H-indazole and 2H-indazole are two toutomeric forms of Indazole. Sometimes, indazole produced three tautomeric forms that are 1H, 2H and 3H tautomers of indazole. 1H-indazole is reliable than 2H-indazole. We should note that a series of derivatives of indazole having 2H toutomers follow hybridization of cyclic systems and act as anti-inflammatory as well as antimicrobial compounds. It formed Indazole itself and derivatives of Indazole in natural products. A sequence of N-methyl-3-aryl inazoles has dominant against bacterial strains like xanthomon as campstris, Baillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium and a fungal strain candida albicans found by in-vitro antimicrobial study of indazole derivatives.

Controlling cells using photo-responsive materials is highly indispensable in the current biomedical sector. Considering the potential side effects of nanoparticles, it has become a challenge to control cells with photo-responsive materials. Recent studies have described several methods for controlling cell behavior using nanoparticles subjected to the near-infrared (NIR) laser light operating at the wavelength of 808 nm to 980 nm and at the power densities of 0.33 to 0.72 W·cm⁻². The challenge here is the preparation of biocompatible nanoparticles for both in vivo and in vitro studies and understanding cell behavior with an external light source recommended for biological application. Earlier studies have well documented many approaches and associated mechanisms for controlling cell behavior and the interaction between nanoparticles, cells, and appropriate external light sources. In this review, various nanomaterials such as metal nanomaterials and carbon-based nanomaterials are compared systematically regarding the effects of controlling cell behavior and inflammation by studying their mechanisms, route of administration, dose, and adverse effects such as toxicity and the interaction of nanoparticles with a specific wavelength of the light. Future directions should focus on stable and efficient light-responsive materials with minimal cytotoxicity.

Graphene, being a two-dimensional monolayer of carbon, exhibits an exceptionally increased surface-to-volume ratio due to its atomic thinness and high aspect ratio, making it a material of considerable interest in advanced technology applications. Recent developments have leveraged their unique surface characteristics, such as nanoscale ripples and grooves, to enhance energy storage, sensing, catalysis, and environmental remediation performance. Its extensive surface area enables rapid ion adsorption and desorption, significantly improving energy and power densities in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries while enhancing stability over prolonged cycles. In sensing, the high surface-to-volume ratio supports the immobilization of biomolecules and nanoparticles, improving sensitivity in detecting gases, biomarkers, and pollutants, thereby advancing diagnostic and environmental monitoring applications. Its expansive surface area and unique electronic properties contribute to high catalytic efficiencies, enabling sustainable chemical processes, such as hydrogen production, water treatment, and pollutant degradation. Unlike many review articles that primarily explore the functionalization of graphene, this study mainly emphasizes the evaluation of methodologies aimed at augmenting graphene’s surface area. This review systematically evaluates recent advancements in the optimization of graphene surface characteristics, with a primary focus on their role in enhancing energy storage systems while also addressing emerging applications in healthcare and environmental sustainability.