Arabic automatic speech recognition (ASR) methods with diacritics have the ability to be integrated with other systems better than Arabic ASR methods without diacritics. In this work, the application of state‐of‐the‐art end‐to‐end deep learning approaches is investigated to build a robust diacritised Arabic ASR. These approaches are based on the Mel‐Frequency Cepstral Coefficients and the log Mel‐Scale Filter Bank energies as acoustic features. To the best of our knowledge, end‐to‐end deep learning approach has not been used in the task of diacritised Arabic automatic speech recognition. To fill this gap, this work presents a new CTC‐based ASR, CNN‐LSTM, and an attention‐based end‐to‐end approach for improving diacritisedArabic ASR. In addition, a word‐based language model is employed to achieve better results. The end‐to‐end approaches applied in this work are based on state‐of‐the‐art frameworks, namely ESPnet and Espresso. Training and testing of these frameworks are performed based on the Standard Arabic Single Speaker Corpus (SASSC), which contains 7 h of modern standard Arabic speech. Experimental results show that the CNN‐LSTM with an attention framework outperforms conventional ASR and the Joint CTC‐attention ASR framework in the task of Arabic speech recognition. The CNN‐LSTM with an attention framework could achieve a word error rate better than conventional ASR and the Joint CTC‐attention ASR by 5.24% and 2.62%, respectively.

The security of mobile applications has become a major research field which is associated with a lot of challenges. The high rate of developing mobile applications has resulted in less secure applications. This is due to what is called the “rush to release” as defined by Ponemon Institute. Security testing—which is considered one of the main phases of the development life cycle—is either not performed or given minimal time; hence, there is a need for security testing automation. One of the techniques used is Automated Vulnerability Detection. Vulnerability detection is one of the security tests that aims at pinpointing potential security leaks. Fixing those leaks results in protecting smart-phones and tablet mobile device users against attacks. This paper focuses on building a hybrid approach of static and dynamic analysis for detecting the vulnerabilities of Android applications. This approach is capsuled in a usable platform (web application) to make it easy to use for both public users and professional developers. Static analysis, on one hand, performs code analysis. It does not require running the application to detect vulnerabilities. Dynamic analysis, on the other hand, detects the vulnerabilities that are dependent on the run-time behaviour of the application and cannot be detected using static analysis. The model is evaluated against different applications with different security vulnerabilities. Compared with other detection platforms, our model detects information leaks as well as insecure network requests alongside other commonly detected flaws that harm users’ privacy. The code is available through a GitHub repository for public contribution.

One of the pandemics that have caused many deaths is the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It first appeared in late 2019, and many deaths are increasing day by day until now. Therefore, the early diagnosis of COVID-19 has become a salient issue. Additionally, the current diagnosis methods have several demerits, and a new investigation is required to enhance the diagnosis performance. In this paper, a set of phases are performed, such as collecting data, filtering and augmenting images, extracting features, and classifying ECG images. The data were obtained from two publicly available ECG image datasets, and one of them contained COVID ECG reports. A set of preprocessing methods are applied to the ECG images, and data augmentation is performed to balance the ECG images based on the classes. A deep learning approach based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) is performed for feature extraction. Four different pre-trained models are applied, such as Vgg16, Vgg19, ResNet-101, and Xception. Moreover, an ensemble of Xception and the temporary convolutional network (TCN), which is named ECGConvnet, is proposed. Finally, the results obtained from the former models are fed to four main classifiers. These classifiers are softmax, random forest (RF), multilayer perception (MLP), and support vector machine (SVM). The former classifiers are used to evaluate the diagnosis ability of the proposed methods. The classification scenario is based on fivefold cross-validation. Seven experiments are presented to evaluate the performance of the ECGConvnet. Three of them are multi-class, and the remaining are binary class diagnosing. Six out of seven experiments diagnose COVID-19 patients. The aforementioned experimental results indicated that ECGConvnet has the highest performance over other pre-trained models, and the SVM classifier showed higher accuracy in comparison with the other classifiers. The resulting accuracies from ECGConvnet based on SVM are (99.74%, 98.6%, 99.1% on the multi-class diagnosis tasks) and (99.8% on one of the binary-class diagnoses, while the remaining achieved 100%). It is possible to develop an automatic diagnosis system for COVID based on deep learning using ECG data.

End-to-end deep learning approach has greatly enhanced the performance of speech recognition systems. With deep learning techniques, the overfitting stills the main problem with a little data. Data augmentation is a suitable solution for the overfitting problem, which is adopted to improve the quantity of training data and enhance robustness of the models. In this paper, we investigate data augmentation method for enhancing Arabic automatic speech recognition (ASR) based on end-to-end deep learning. Data augmentation is applied on original corpus for increasing training data by applying noise adaptation, pitch-shifting, and speed transformation. An CNN-LSTM and attention-based encoder-decoder method are included in building the acoustic model and decoding phase. This method is considered as state-of-art in end-to-end deep learning, and to the best of our knowledge, there is no prior research employed data augmentation for CNN-LSTM and attention-based model in Arabic ASR systems. In addition, the language model is built using RNN-LM and LSTM-LM methods. The Standard Arabic Single Speaker Corpus (SASSC) without diacritics is used as an original corpus. Experimental results show that applying data augmentation improved word error rate (WER) when compared with the same approach without data augmentation. The achieved average reduction in WER is 4.55%.

Speech recognition systems play an important role in human–machine interactions. Many systems exist for Arabic speech, however, there are limited systems for dialectal Arabic speech. The Arabic language comprises many properties, some of which are ideal for building automatic speech recognition systems such as syntax and phonology, while other properties are unsuitable for developing speech systems. Importantly, most data are in non-diacritized form, vary in dialect, and contain morphological complexity. Moreover, the Arabic dialects lack a standard structure. In this paper, we highlighted the works and frameworks that have been developed in the last fourteen years of dialectal Arabic speech recognition systems. The paper also presented an analysis and evaluation for several studies using different approaches and techniques. The main goal of this paper is to compare and discuss different studies in dialectal Arabic speech systems including several criteria such as techniques, datasets, evaluation metrics, and dialect types. The study also includes a description of some techniques used in all steps of the dialectal Arabic speech system such as hidden Markov models (HMM), convolutional neural network (CNN), and deep neural network (DNN). In addition, we introduced the challenges and problems of dialectal Arabic speech recognition systems. Overall, more studies are required to obtain a more accurate speech system for dialectal Arabic.

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has become inevitable in contemporary life, significantly affecting myriad applications. Nevertheless, the pervasive use of heterogeneous IoT gadgets introduces vulnerabilities to malicious cyber-attacks, resulting in data breaches that jeopardize the network’s integrity and resilience. This study proposes an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for IoT environments that leverages Transfer Learning (TL) and the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM). We extensively evaluate four prominent pre-trained models, each integrated with an independent CBAM at the uppermost layer. Our methodology is validated using the BoT-IoT dataset, which undergoes preprocessing to rectify the imbalanced data distribution, eliminate redundancy, and reduce dimensionality. Subsequently, the tabular dataset is transformed into RGB images to enhance the interpretation of complex patterns. Our evaluation results demonstrate that integrating TL models with the CBAM significantly improves classification accuracy and reduces false-positive rates. Additionally, to further enhance the system performance, we employ an Ensemble Learning (EL) technique to aggregate predictions from the two best-performing models. The final findings prove that our TL-CBAM-EL model achieves superior performance, attaining an accuracy of 99.93% as well as high recall, precision, and F1-score. Henceforth, the proposed IDS is a robust and efficient solution for securing IoT networks.