Selenium, as an essential trace element, is intricately linked to the onset and progression of numerous diseases due to deficiencies in selenium intake. Selenium compounds exhibit tumor specificity and can efficiently inhibit the growth of tumor cells, making them potential candidates for cancer treatment. Nevertheless, given its status as one of the most widely consumed crops globally, increasing the selenium content in rice could prove advantageous in alleviating the prevailing issue of selenium intake deficiency, particularly in China. This review explored the regulatory role of selenium in rice growth, the regional distribution characteristics of soil selenium content in various rice-growing regions in China, and the impact of cultivation practices on selenium fortification in rice, aiming to suggest improved rice cultivation management strategies to enhance the capacity for rice selenium biofortification. The findings revealed that: (1) In Northeast and North China, characterized by alkaline soils and severe selenium deficiency, it is advisable to moderately decrease the duration of flooding, elevate the soil redox potential, and apply organic and nitrogen fertilizers in a judicious manner. (2) In Southwest China, which is characterized by acidic soils, alternating wet and dry irrigation should be employed, and the biofortification of selenium can be facilitated by applying lime and foliar spraying of selenium fertilizer. (3) In the south-central region of China, distinguished by acidic soils and double-cropped rice, it is recommended that intermittent or alternating wet and dry irrigation be employed, and the reasonable application of organic, silica, and selenium fertilizers is advocated. (4) In the northwest region, characterized by slightly alkaline soil and mild selenium deficiency, it is recommended to implement various water management practices, including shallow water during the seedling stage, deep water during the booting stage, and wet grain filling. Additionally, a rational application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, along with foliar application of selenium fertilizer, should be employed. (5) Cultivating selenium-enriched, high-yielding, and high-quality rice varieties proves to be an effective strategy in addressing selenium deficiency. In conclusion, the unique characteristics of diverse rice-growing regions in China indicate that suitable water management, fertilization techniques, and varietal selection practices can effectively enhance the selenium content in rice, thereby maximizing the nutritional requirements for selenium.

In response to climate change challenges and to ensure stable macadamia nut production, this study analyzed empirical data on macadamia nut yield, climate factors, harvesting time, and post-processing quality from 2020 to 2022. Key findings include: (1) During the flowering to fruit growth stage, 2020 had the highest average temperature, followed by 2021, and then 2022. Conversely, 2022 had the highest precipitation, followed by 2021, and then 2020. (2) Lower temperatures and higher precipitation during the flowering to fruit growth stage contributed to a significant increase in macadamia nut yield, which indirectly extended the harvesting time. In 2022, the average yield of the eight macadamia growers was 8.04 t ha⁻¹, significantly higher than the yields of 6.60 t ha⁻¹ and 6.16 t ha⁻¹ in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Furthermore, the average harvesting time for the eight macadamia growers in 2022 was 8.88 days longer than that in 2021, and 12.50 days longer than that in 2020. (3) Temperature and precipitation had a significant impact on the post-processing quality of macadamia nuts. Lower temperature and higher precipitation during the flowering to fruit growth stage significantly increased the proportion of first-grade fruit, as well as the incidence of mildewed and insect-infested fruits. In conclusion, although a lower temperature and higher precipitation can improve macadamia nut yield, they also lead to delayed harvesting and decreased post-processing quality. Given the observed yield sensitivity to temperature and precipitation, targeted water supplementation strategies during peak heat periods emerge as vital. This approach should be integrated with broader climate resilience planning, including the timing of pest control and disease management, to safeguard macadamia nut production against the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change.

The incorporation of aquaculture feed within a rice–crayfish coculture system significantly enhances nitrogen cycling, thereby diminishing the reliance on chemical fertilizers. However, this benefit is often overlooked in practice, and farmers continue to use large quantities of chemical fertilizers to maximize production, resulting in excessive soil fertility and water nitrogen pollution. Thus, avoiding nitrogen pollution in rice–crayfish coculture systems has become a pressing issue. In this study, we conducted a two-year experiment with two rice cultivars, and a 33.3% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer in a rice–crayfish coculture system (RC), to systematically analyze the overall nitrogen balance, rice nitrogen nutrition, and soil fertility, as compared with a rice monoculture system (RM). Our findings revealed the following: (1) Under the 33.3% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrogen surplus in the rice–crayfish coculture system was comparable to that in the rice monoculture, and was controlled at an environmental safety level. (2) Nitrogen utilization efficiency and the accumulation of nitrogen in the rice–crayfish coculture were comparable to those in the rice monoculture. The nitrogen cycle in this system was able to provide the nitrogen required for rice growth after nitrogen fertilizer reduction. (3) The rice–crayfish coculture significantly improved the overall soil fertility and the effectiveness of soil nitrogen nutrition. Furthermore, cutting off the application of nitrogen fertilizer after the mid-tillering stage effectively controlled the total nitrogen content in soil after rice maturity. In conclusion, reducing nitrogen fertilizer in a rice–crayfish coculture system is feasible and beneficial. It ensures rice production, reduces the risk of excessive nitrogen surplus and surface pollution, and promotes a greener, more environmentally friendly paddy field ecosystem.

Global climate change poses a major challenge for contemporary forestry. Macadamia is an economically valuable tree genus that is widely cultivated across multiple countries and regions. However, few studies have focused on its adaptive distribution and spatiotemporal dynamics under projected global warming scenarios. In this study, we collected the global occurrence records of two commercial Macadamia species (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche and Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S. Johnson) and employed a parameter-optimized MaxEnt model to project their suitable habitats under current and future climate scenarios. The optimized model exhibited excellent predictive performance (AUC = 0.979), with a regularization multiplier of 0.5 and linear–quadratic–hinge feature combination. Key bioclimatic variables include: annual Mean temperature (bio1), isothermality (bio3), min temperature of coldest month (bio6), annual precipitation (bio12), and precipitation of driest month (bio14), which collectively comprise 88.2% of the model’s explanatory power. Under the current scenario, the most suitable cultivation areas were determined to be located in Australia, China, South Africa, Brazil, Madagascar, Argentina, and the United States. Compared with the current scenario, total habitat areas under future scenarios (specifically SSP126/585 in the 2030s and 2050s; SSP126/245/370 in the 2070s) are projected to increase by 1.13–7.51%, while reductions of 0.03–2.98% are projected under the other scenarios (SSP245/370 in the 2030s and 2050s; SSP585 in the 2070s). Notably, Brazil exhibits habitat reductions of 2.59–20.06% across all scenarios, while China shows increases of 0.70–45.11%. Furthermore, M. integrifolia was determined to exhibit greater cultivation potential and global expansion feasibility in range than M. tetraphylla. This study elucidates the dominant environmental drivers, current habitat suitability, and climate-driven shifts in Macadamia distribution, providing an empirical basis for sustainable cultivation under climate change.