The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of eight fungal isolates obtained from soils in rice crops for straw degradation in situ. From the initial eight isolates, Pleurotus ostreatus T1.1 and Penicillium sp. HC1 were selected for further characterization based on qualitative cellulolytic enzyme production and capacity to use rice straw as a sole carbon source. Subsequently, cellulolytic, xylanolytic, and lignolytic (Pleurotus ostreatus) activity on carboxymethyl cellulose, oat xylan, and rice straw with different nitrogen sources was evaluated. From the results obtained it was concluded both isolates are capable to produce enzymes necessary for rice straw degradation. However, their production is dependent upon carbon and nitrogen source. Last, it was established that Pleurotus ostreatus T1.1 and Penicillium sp. HC1 capability to colonize and mineralize rice straw, in mono-and co-culture, without affecting nitrogen soil content.

The present work was aimed at optimizing a culture medium for biomass production and phenolic compounds by using Ganoderma lucidum. The culture was optimized in two stages; a Plackett-Burman design was used in the first one for identifying key components in the medium and a central composite design was used in the second one for optimizing their concentration. Both responses (biomass and phenolic compounds) were simultaneously optimized by the latter methodology regarding desirability, and the optimal concentrations obtained were 50.00 g/L sucrose, 13.29 g/L yeast extract and 2.99 g/L olive oil. Maximum biomass production identified in these optimal conditions was 9.5 g/L and that for phenolic compounds was 0.0452 g/L, this being 100% better than that obtained in the media usually used in the laboratory. Similar patterns regarding chemical characterization and biological activity towards Aspergillus sp., from both fruiting body and mycelium-derived secondary metabolites and extracts obtained in the proposed medium were observed. It was shown that such statistical methodologies are useful for optimizing fermentation and, in the specific case of G. lucidum, optimizing processes for its production and its metabolites in submerged culture as an alternative to traditional culture.

Articular cartilage regeneration remains a major challenge due to its limited self-repair capacity. Bone marrow-derived skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for cartilage engineering, although they differ in their chondrogenic potential. This study explored whether co-culturing SSCs and MSCs in three-dimensional (3D) organoid systems under cartilage physioxia (5% O₂) and chondrogenic induction could improve cartilage tissue formation. SSCs, MSCs, and SSC–MSC co-cultures were characterized for morphology, phenotype, and differentiation capacity. Organoids were generated and cultured for 10 days, followed by analysis of morphology, viability, gene expression (SOX9, RUNX2, ACAN, COL2A1, COL10A1, PRG4, and PDPN), chondrocyte-associated antigens (CD44, CD105, CD146, and PDPN), and cartilage ECM proteins (aggrecan, collagen types I, II, and X, and PRG4). SSCs showed robust chondrogenic and osteogenic potential, while MSCs exhibited a balanced multipotency. Co-culture-derived organoids enhanced chondrogenesis and reduced adipogenesis, with higher expression of cartilage-specific ECM and lower hypertrophic marker levels. These findings highlight the functional synergy between SSCs and MSCs in co-culture, promoting the formation of stable, cartilage-like structures under physioxia. The approach offers a promising strategy for generating preclinical models and advancing regenerative therapies for hyaline cartilage repair.

Objetivo. Establecer la concentración óptima de α y β amilasas comerciales para la obtención de etanol a partir de cebada sin maltear. Materiales y Métodos. Cebada no malteada fue hidrolizada con concentraciones variables de α y β amilasas comerciales (Genencor Internacional), bajo las condiciones establecidas por el fabricante. Los productos de hidrólisis fueron utilizados como sustrato para la producción de etanol con Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Adicionalmente se realizó un ensayo referencia con cebada malteada, bajo las condiciones establecidas por la destilería.  Resultados. Se obtuvo un porcentaje de hidrólisis del almidón de 89,4% cuando se adicionaron de α y β amilasas a una concentración de 1gL^-1, adicionalmente se obtuvo la máxima producción de etanol (5,02 %), siendo significativamente más alta que cuando se utilizó cebada malteada (3,76 %). Conclusiones. Se demostró que se puede producir etanol a partir de almidón de cebada sin maltear empleando α y β-amilasas comerciales, aunque es necesario optimizar el proceso ya que es más costoso comparado con el tradicional, utilizando cebada malteada. Palabras claves: fermentación, hidrólisis del almidón, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, α-amilasas, β-amilasas. Abstract Ethanol production from hydrolyzed unmalted barley using commercial α- and β-amylase. Objective. To find the optimum concentration of commercial α- and β-amylase for the obtainment of ethanol from unmalted barley. Materials and Methods. Unmalted barley was hydrolyzed using various concentrations of commercial α- and β-amylase (Genencor International), following conditions established by the manufacturer. The products of hydrolysis were used as substrates for the production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, a reference assay was performed using malted barley following the conditions established by the distillery. Results. The percentage of starch hydrolysis was 89.4% when adding α-and β-amylase at a concentration of 1 g L^-1. Moreover, this concentration of amylases yielded a maximum ethanol production (5.02 %) significantly higher than when malted barley was used (3.76 %). Conclusions. It was demonstrated that ethanol can be obtained from starch of unmalted barley by adding commercial α- and β-amylase. However, optimization of the process is required due to the higher costs when compared to the traditional process with malted barley. Key words: α-amylase, β-amylase, fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, starch hydrolysis. Resumo Produção de etanol a partir de cevada não maltada hidrolisada com α e β amilases comerciais. Objetivo. Estabelecer a concentração ideal de α e β amilases comerciais para a obtenção de etanol a partir de cevada não malteada. Materiais e métodos. Cevada não malteada foi hidrolisada com diferentes concentrações de α e β amilases comerciais (Genencor Internacional), sob as condições estabelecidas pelo fabricante. Os produtos da hidrólise foram utilizados como substrato para produção de etanol com Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Além disso, se realizou um teste de referência com cevada malteada, sob as condições estabelecidas pela destilaria. Resultados.  Se obtive uma percentagem de hidrólise do amido de 89,4% ao adicionar α e β amilases na concentração de 1gL^-1, adicionalmente se obtive a produção máxima de etanol (5,02%), sendo significativamente maior do que quando é usada cevada malteada (3,76%). Conclusões. Foi demonstrado que o etanol pode ser produzido a partir de amido de cevada não maltada com α e β-amilases comerciais, embora seja necessário aperfeiçoar o processo, porque é mais caro, em comparação com o tradicional, utilizando cevada maltada. Palavras-chave: fermentação, hidrólise do amido, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, α-amilase, β-amilases