Water eutrophication is a global environmental problem that poses serious threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. The evaluation of eutrophication provides a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the management and rehabilitation of water ecosystems. In the last four decades, dozens of evaluation methods have been applied to freshwater eutrophication, but there is a clear need to optimize and standardize the most suitable methods. We have addressed this gap by presenting a systematic review of methodologies. Due to the diversity and complexity of water bodies, no single evaluation method was identified that would adequately represent eutrophication under all scenarios. We demonstrate that lakes can best be assessed using the trophic level index (TLI) method, reservoirs and wetlands the trophic state index (TSI) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method, respectively, and rivers the FCE method or back propagation (BP) neural network methods. More recently applied methodologies including spectral imaging and 3-D mapping of water quality using underwater gliders allow greater resolution and can be effective in managing waterbodies to avoid future eutrophication. The aim of this review is to guide future studies on the most appropriate methods available for assessing and reporting water eutrophication.

In response to the country's call for carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, power plants in many regions are counting their own carbon emissions in an effort to meet the targets by then. Carbon emission factor method is a widely used method. This paper improves the method based on the conventional measurement of carbon dioxide. Through the classification of power plant types and coal types, the appropriate carbon emission factors can be calculated for various power plants and different combinations of various coal types.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin whose toxicity includes hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. Recently, there have been many studies on OTA biosynthetic gene clusters. AoOTAbZIP (also known as otaR1) basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP)-specific gene that controls the expression levels of 4 biosynthetic genes in the OTA biosynthetic pathway, bZIP gene is known to be involved in the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis by various environmental factors in eukaryotes. This study explored the regulation of OTA biosynthesis in Aspergillus ochraceus under AoOTAbZIP-mediated water activity stress. High water activity (0.96 AW) was beneficial to the growth of A. ochraceus, and moderate water activity conditions of 0.91 AW has a stress effect on A. ochraceus, among them the growth of the mutant strain was better than that of the wild type. The mutant did not produce OTA at any condition. Wild type toxin production and expression levels of the OTA biosynthetic genes decreased under both high water activity (0.96 AW) and moderate water activity (0.91 AW), indicating that the toxin production of A. ochraceus was also affected by this water activity degree, moreover, the expression levels of the biosynthetic genes in the mutant strain were inhibited to extremely low levels compared to the wild type. The pathogenicity experiments revealed that pears infected with WT and ΔAoOTAbZIP mutant strains showed no significant differences, indicating that the deletion of the AoOTAbZIP gene has no significant effect on the pathogenicity of A. ochraceus.