Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been emerging as one of the most serious health problems worldwide. Ocular complications of DM are currently one of the major causes of blindness in developed countries, among which diabetic retinopathy is relatively well studied and understood. However, although ocular surface complications of DM are common, diabetic complications of anterior segment of the eye, such as, cornea, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands, are often overlooked. DM is associated with progressive damage to corneal nerves and epithelial cells, which increases the risk of anterior segment disorders including dry eye disease, corneal erosion, persistent epithelial defects, and even sight-threatening corneal ulcer. In this review, the authors will discuss the association of DM with disorders of anterior segment of the eye. Studies indicating the value of corneal nerve assessment as a sensitive, noninvasive, and repeatable biomarker for diabetic neuropathy will also be introduced. In addition, treatment modalities of anterior segment disorders associated with DM is discussed. The studies introduced in this review suggest that early and periodic screening of the anterior segment of the eye, as well as the retina, is important for the optimal treatment of DM.

Objective evaluation results using optometric device to measure accommodative responses in viewing a real object and integral imaging are presented. From the empirical results between the real object and an integrated three-dimensional (3D) image, we find that over 73% of participants keep eyes on the real integrated 3D image instead of a display panel. The results also show the participants do not recognize a mismatch between the accommodative response and the convergence of the eye, which used to be believed as one of the major factors to cause visual fatigue in viewing near-distance integral imaging. Seventy-one normal adult subjects (23 ~ 38 years old) participated in the experiment, and accommodative response measurement results of the real integrated image show a statistically significant concordance with real objects.

Yoo YJ, et al. J Clin Neurol. 2020 Oct;16(4):646-652. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2020.16.4.646

Objective: To elucidate the clinical features of ocular motility and the risk factors for recurrence in idiopathic orbital myositis. Methods: The medical records of 31 patients diagnosed with idiopathic orbital inflammation between 2003 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were initially treated with corticosteroids. Treatment outcome and ocular motility were noted. Results: Twenty-six patients (84%) had unilateral involvement and five patients (16%) were bilateral. Of the 31 patients, 22 patients (71%) showed ocular motility limitation. The mean grading scale of extraocular muscle (EOM) limitation was −1.65 ± 1.80. EOM limitation was found in the same direction of the most affected muscle in 14 patients (64%), while 8 patients (36%) showed duction limitation in the opposite direction. Nine patients (35%) suffered from recurrence. Recurrence was more likely to occur in patients with multiple muscle involvement (p < 0.001). The interval to relapse of symptoms after discontinuation of steroids was significantly shorter in patients with multiple recurrences compared to those with a single recurrence (1.8 ± 0.8 weeks versus 6.0 ± 1.4 weeks, p = 0.020). Conclusions: Idiopathic orbital myositis showed variable degrees of ocular motility limitation, and limitation in the same direction of the action of the affected muscle was more frequent. Recurrent myositis was more likely to have multiple muscle involvement. Rapid relapse of symptoms after discontinuation of steroids was a significant indicator of multiple recurrences.