The nasal cavity is a primary checkpoint for the invasion of respiratory pathogens. Numerous pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, etc., can adhere/colonize nasal lining to trigger an infection. Secretory IgA (sIgA) serves as the first line of immune defense against foreign pathogens. sIgA facilitates clearance of pathogenic microbes by intercepting their access to epithelial receptors and mucus entrapment through immune exclusion. Elevated levels of neutralizing IgA at the mucosal surfaces are associated with a high level of protection following intranasal immunizations. This review summarizes recent advances in intranasal vaccination technology and challenges in maintaining nominal IgA levels at the mucosal surface. Overall, the review emphasizes the significance of IgA-mediated nasal immunity, which holds a tremendous potential to mount protection against respiratory pathogens.

Nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA) is a well-established synthetic bone substitute with excellent osteoconduction and osteointegration. However, brittleness coupled with slow degradation curtails its load-bearing and bone regeneration potential, respectively. To address these limitations, nanoHA composite matrix reinforced with electrospun fibrous yarns was fabricated and tested in vitro and in vivo. Different weight percentages (5, 10, 15 wt%) and varying lengths (short and continuous) of poly(l-lactic acid) yarns were randomly dispersed in a gelatinous matrix containing nanoHA. This significantly improved the compressive strength as well as work of fracture, especially for continuous yarns at high weight percentages (10 and 15 wt%). Incorporation of yarns did not adversely affect the pore size (50–350 μm) or porosity of the scaffolds as well as the in vitro cellular response. Finally, when tested in a critical-sized femoral segmental defect in rat, the nanocomposite scaffolds induced osteoblast cell infiltration at 2 months that subsequently underwent increased mature lamellar bone formation at 4 months, in both the mid and peripheral defect regions. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that new bone formation and biomaterial degradation were significantly enhanced in the composite scaffold when compared to commercially available HA. Overall, the composite matrix reinforced with electrospun yarns proved to be a potential bone substitute having an appropriate balance between mechanical strength, porosity, biodegradation, and bone regeneration ability.