Background: Parkinsonian tremors are sometimes confused with essential tremors or other conditions. Recently, researchers conducted several studies on tremor evaluation using wearable sensors and devices, which may support accurate diagnosis. Mechanical devices are also commonly used to treat tremors and have been actively researched and developed. Here, we aimed to review recent progress and the efficacy of the devices related to Parkinsonian tremors. Methods: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for articles. We searched for “Parkinson disease” and “tremor” and “device”. Results: Eighty-six articles were selected by our systematic approach. Many studies demonstrated that the diagnosis and evaluation of tremors in patients with PD can be done accurately by machine learning algorithms. Mechanical devices for tremor suppression include deep brain stimulation (DBS), electrical muscle stimulation, and orthosis. In recent years, adaptive DBS and optimization of stimulation parameters have been studied to further improve treatment efficacy. Conclusions: Due to developments using state-of-the-art techniques, effectiveness in diagnosing and evaluating tremor and suppressing it using these devices is satisfactorily high in many studies. However, other than DBS, no devices are in practical use. To acquire high-level evidence, large-scale studies and randomized controlled trials are needed for these devices.

Background: Pharmacotherapy is the first-line treatment option for Parkinson’s disease, and levodopa is considered the most effective drug for managing motor symptoms. However, side effects such as motor fluctuation and dyskinesia have been associated with levodopa treatment. For these conditions, alternative therapies, including invasive and non-invasive medical devices, may be helpful. This review sheds light on current progress in the development of devices to alleviate motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.Methods: We first conducted a narrative literature review to obtain an overview of current invasive and non-invasive medical devices and thereafter performed a systematic review of recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of these devices.Results: Our review revealed different characteristics of each device and their effectiveness for motor symptoms. Although invasive medical devices are usually highly effective, surgical procedures can be burdensome for patients and have serious side effects. In contrast, non-pharmacological/non-surgical devices have fewer complications. RCTs of non-invasive devices, especially non-invasive brain stimulation and mechanical peripheral stimulation devices, have proven effectiveness on motor symptoms. Nearly no non-invasive devices have yet received Food and Drug Administration certification or a CE mark.Conclusion: Invasive and non-invasive medical devices have unique characteristics, and several RCTs have been conducted for each device. Invasive devices are more effective, while non-invasive devices are less effective and have lower hurdles and risks. It is important to understand the characteristics of each device and capitalize on these.

Information-centric networking (ICN) is an emerging research area. Moreover, nowadays ICN is also applied to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In a MANET, each node has limited resources. However, in many protocols, a node sends the interest packet by flooding. This increases traffic in the entire network. Furthermore, it causes duplicate content transmissions. To solve these problems, we propose an information-centric architecture using a mobile agent (MA). In this method, the MA manages location information and a content list of all nodes and constructs a route. The use of an MA can realize information acquisition without any flooding of interest packets. The performance evaluation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of power consumption, packet delivery rate, and content acquisition delay.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely performed in patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD). Recent advances in technology have facilitated remote programming of DBS devices, reflecting an emerging trend in neuromodulation approaches, and offering a potential framework for patient-centered care. These online sessions for patients with PD who underwent de novo implantation of DBS devices have been reported to be safe and effective, similar to in-clinic sessions. Currently, evidence for patients with chronically implanted DBS devices remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of online sessions for patients with PD who had chronically implanted DBS devices, and to determine whether this approach could reduce patient burden without compromising clinical management. Methods: A prospective, single-arm, longitudinal, nonrandomized, self-controlled cohort study was conducted at 2 centers in Japan. Eighteen patients with PD who had chronically implanted DBS devices were enrolled. Two in-clinic sessions were substituted with online sessions. The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III scores were assessed at baseline, after in-clinic sessions, and online sessions. The Multidimensional Evaluation Scale for Patient Impression Change—Japanese version, Patient’s Global Impression of Change, and Clinical Global Impression of Change were each administered after both in‑clinic and online sessions. The Telehealth Usability Questionnaire and the Online Usability Questionnaire for Programming were evaluated once after online sessions. Results: The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III scores did not differ significantly across the 3 assessments. The Multidimensional Evaluation Scale for Patient Impression Change—Japanese version scores revealed that no items but item 3, “overall sleep,” significantly worsened after online sessions. The Patient’s Global Impression of Change and Clinical Global Impression of Change scores were comparable between in-clinic and online sessions. The Telehealth Usability Questionnaire scores indicated that online sessions were generally favorable, although the "Reliability" was rated comparatively lower. The mean total time and cost saved per visit were 280 minutes and 7974 yen (US $1≈155 JPY), respectively. One patient experienced a fall and lumbar compression fracture during the online visit period and dropped out of the study because of hospitalization. Conclusions: Online sessions may be a feasible option for a subset of patients with PD carrying chronically implanted DBS devices. Although online sessions cannot fully replace in-person assessments, they may serve as a practical alternative when adequate caregiver support, sufficient digital literacy, and a reliable connection are ensured. Clinicians should note that sleep-related symptoms may worsen in some patients. While time and cost savings are not direct indicators of care quality, these benefits still provide meaningful support for patients and caregivers. Overall, online sessions may complement routine follow-up in stable patients undergoing chronic DBS therapy.

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease (HD) are still incompletely understood, despite the remarkable advances in identifying the molecular effects of the Htt mutation in this disease. Clinical positron emission tomography studies suggest that phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) declines earlier than dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in HD, indicating that it might serve as a key molecular marker in understanding disease mechanisms. In movement disorders, mutations in the genes encoding PDE10A and G-protein α subunit (Gα_olf), both critical cAMP regulators in striatal spiny projection neurons, have been linked to chorea and dystonia. These observations highlight the potential importance of striatal cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in these disorders, but how such dysfunction could come is unknown. Here, we suggest that a key to understanding signaling dysfunction might be to evaluate these messenger systems in light of the circuit-level compartmental organization of the caudoputamen, in which there is particular vulnerability of the striosome compartment in HD. We developed machine learning algorithms to define with high precision and reproducibility the borders of striosomes in the brains of Q175 knock-in (Q175KI) HD mice from 3–12 months of age. We demonstrate that the expression of multiple molecules, including Gα_olf, PDE10A, dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, and adenosine A2A receptors, is significantly reduced in the striosomes of Q175KI mice as compared to wildtype controls, across 3, 6, and 12 months of age. By contrast, mu-opioid receptor (MOR1) expression is uniquely upregulated, suggesting a compartment-specific and age-dependent shift in molecular profiles in the Q175KI HD mouse model caudoputamen. These differential changes may serve as a useful platform to determine factors underlying the greater vulnerability of striatal projection neurons in the striosomes than in the matrix in HD.