A growing body of recent research has identified associations between various parenting practices and styles and internalizing problems among adolescents. However, the reported findings are inconsistent and the studies in question have been conducted from different theoretical backgrounds. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the literature on the association of parental socialization styles with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. To this end, we conducted a systematic search of the PsycInfo, Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases, covering literature published from 2010 to 2019. The search was restricted to peer-reviewed studies in English or Spanish. The results show that parental warmth, behavioural control, and autonomy granting are inversely related to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Conversely, psychological control and harsh control by parents are positively associated with adolescent anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation. Although the associated effect sizes are only small or moderate, the results suggest that these variables should be taken into account when designing programmes aimed at promoting parenting styles conducive to the wellbeing of adolescents.

The aims of this study were to analyze the differences in the mothers' and fathers' socialization styles depending on their children's sex; whether there are differences in hostile, benevolent, and ambivalent sexism, and neosexism as a function of both parents' socialization styles; and whether the parents' educational level affects their level of sexism and their children's sexism. The sample included 1,455 adolescents and their parents (764 mothers and 648 fathers). The results showed no differences in the socialization style of the father with his children's sexism, but the mother used a more authoritarian style with her daughters. The parents' socialization style had little influence on their children's sexism, although it had a higher impact on the sons' sexism. The father's style had less influence than the mother's on their sons' sexism, and it had no influence on their daughters' sexism. The indulgent style of both parents had the highest relation with a low level of sexism. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the parents' educational level and their level of sexism, as well as between the mother's educational level and her daughters' sexism. To conclude, the indulgent style and the mother's high educational level promote fewer sexist attitudes.

Having emerged as an important concept in the organizational field, entrepreneurial orientation has also become a key idea in the context of education. Indeed, entrepreneurial education is now one of the common objectives for education and training systems in the European Union. Despite its importance, however, there is a scarcity of valid and reliable measures for assessing entrepreneurial orientation in students. The present study aimed to address this by developing and examining the psychometric properties of the Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale (EOS). A second objective is to study the relationships between entrepreneurial orientation and gender, self-efficacy, and personal initiative. The sample comprised 411 vocational training students (50.36% male, 49.64% female). The final version of the instrument comprised 32 items assessing six dimensions: innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, competitiveness, achievement orientation, and learning orientation. The EOS showed good psychometric properties and its dimensions demonstrated concurrent relationships with self-efficacy and personal initiative. The EOS may be used to measure entrepreneurial orientation in the educational context and to evaluate interventions designed to promote an entrepreneurial spirit in schools, colleges, and universities.

Low back pain is the worldwide leading cause of disability and, even though women's pain experience is more severe, frequent, and enduring, female patients are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Health professionals' gender stereotypes and social norms may underlie the downgrading of pain. This pilot study aimed to examine the legitimation of low back pain by health professionals in relation to the sex of the patient as well as their gender awareness and the relationship between them. This study had a cross-sectional design. Eighty health professionals and students selected by convenience answered a 4-part online questionnaire. The eligibility criteria for participants were: aged >18 years, students in the last course of nursing/medicine or a physician/nurse, and Spanish-speaking. The questionnaire comprises: (1) a between-subjects virtual clinical low back pain case with four random versions (female/male patient and evidence/non-evidence of pathology); (2) the Spanish version of Nijmegen Gender Awareness Scale (S-NGAMS); (3) Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI); and (4) Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI). The total score of legitimation of low back pain correlated negatively with gender role ideology and sexism scales (when the virtual patient was female), as well as the subscales of willingness to offer support and credibility. Both sexism and gender role ideology could undermine the legitimation of low back pain, the willingness to offer support, and credibility only in female patients. The results showed a possible gender bias in low back pain assessment in health professionals. Low gender sensitivity and high sexism must be treated as modifiable risk factors for health inequities in pain care.