The soil profile and its spatial distribution are two essential aspects for promoting sustainable agriculture, with precise inputs in quantity, space, and time. This work’s objective was to elaborate a digital map of soil fertility considering the complete profile for the accurate management of amendments and fertilizers. For the preparation of the soil fertility map, the following inputs were used: a digital elevation model, information from 44 soil profiles, the conversion of the properties of the soil profiles into surface units, geostatistical analysis of the soil properties, and the preparation of the final map with a geographic information system. The best spatial models were achieved with CEC, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, and K. The map of the soil fertility classes was produced considering CEC and the pH value. The soil fertility classes presented the following sequence of occupied surfaces: very low, medium, very high, high, and low. A process was generated to elaborate digital maps (geostatistics) of soil fertility using taxonomic information from soil profiles and considering the complete profile. The process converts soil classification into geographic and soil fertility information from basic science to application.

Agrosystems have different canopy strata due to shade trees that serve as available habitats for endangered species such as birds, reptiles, and mammals. LiDAR is a technology used to assess habitat quality as a support for designing conservation strategies. The objective of this research was to develop a model with data derived from LiDAR to obtain the height of the shade canopy in cocoa agrosystems, as a habitat available for wildlife species. Through the data of the height of the vegetation taken in the field and the data obtained from a LiDAR point cloud, the Canopy Height Model was generated. The data from the mapping of the canopy height model of the agrosystems taken as study sites were validated using the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and the RMSE. The mean canopy height at the study sites was 14.63, 13.84, and 13.95 m, and the results of the validation using the model predicted canopy height shows good agreement with the actual value with an R2 of 0.86, and very low values of MAE=1.88, MSE=5.64, and RMSE=2.37, which indicates that they have an acceptable degree regarding the canopy height model between the LiDAR data and the data taken in the field. Research using LiDAR provides useful information to determine the height of the canopy, in the cocoa agrosystems up to 3 strata are found, this is due to the diversity of tree species used as shade, ranging from timber, fruit, ornamental, which are used as feeding, nesting, and resting of wildlife, in the study area populations of howler monkey species that are listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in addition to other species such as bats and birds, with the presence of these species indicate that the cocoa agrosystems, serve as a habitat for a diversity of species, which is why it is important to conserve these agrosystems in the humid tropics.

En México se cultivan cerca de 600 mil hectáreas de cítricos, de los cuales, el cultivo de limón Persa representa el 19%, con un valor cercano a 3 mil 800 millones de pesos. Veracruz, Tabasco y Oaxaca son los tres principales productores a nivel nacional; sin embargo, esta producción se mantiene en riesgo por las pérdidas económicas que genera la enfermedad Huanglongbing y su vector el Psílido Asiático de los Cítricos Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1907). En Tabasco, el patógeno y vector se detectaron desde el 2012 y 2005, respectivamente. Así, a cinco años del manejo mediante las Áreas Regionales de Control (ARCOs), es imperativo conocer la fluctuación poblacional de D. citri, por lo que el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la fluctuación espacio-temporal de Diaphorina citri en el ARCOs de la zona citrícola de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, y determinar los periodos de mayor densidad poblacional y de riesgo de dispersión del HLB. Se analizó la base de datos de la captura catorcenal de adultos en 2,820 trampas pegajosas amarillas en 141 sitios del monitoreo de D. citri de marzo a diciembre del 2019, realizado en la campaña contra plagas reglamentadas de los cítricos. Con la base de datos se generaron mapas geoestadísticos del promedio de D. citri por trampas y se determinó el patrón de dispersión del adulto mediante el cálculo de tres índices de agregación, además de su relación con las variables ambientales de temperaturas y precipitación mensuales. Se observó que D. citri está presente durante todo el periodo de estudio variando su densidad de manera mensual, las densidades poblacionales más altas se presentaron en el periodo de junio a octubre, con tendencia de mayor abundancia hacia la parte noroeste de la zona citrícola, presentando un patrón de distribución en agregados y del 20 al 30% de los sitios evaluados rebasan el umbral de intervención regional de un adulto de D. citri por trampa.

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is a highly important crop for the production of chocolate, which is in high international demand (Zhang & Motilal, 2016). Black pod disease, caused by Phytophthora species, is one of the main limiting factors in cacao production, leading to yield losses of up to 30% annually worldwide. In Mexico, national production surpasses 28 thousand t, cultivated on 53 thousand hectares. The states of Tabasco and Chiapas are the main producers (SIAP, 2023). Phytophthora tropicalis has been reported as the causal agent of black pod rot (BPR), affecting cacao production each year (Chávez-Ramírez et al. 2021). From October 2023 to June 2024, 69 cacao pods were collected, as they are the main affected organ, that exhibited symptoms typical of BPR (circular dark brown lesions with a well-defined border) in Tabasco and Chiapas. The pods were disinfected according to Erwin & Ribeiro 1996. Four 5×5 mm fragments from the interior of the rind were obtained, and then three sections were obtained from the edges of the lesions. The fragments were placed in V8 agar medium and incubated at 24 ± 1 °C for 5 d. Morpho-cultural characteristics were recorded. The colonies of six strains were atypical, with a star-shaped growth pattern, sparse mycelia, and smooth margins. The microscopic characteristics were recorded with 50 measurements of each structure. The sporangia, arranged in simple sympodium, were papillate, ovoid, averaging 47 µm long and 27 µm wide, with short pedicels (3-5 µm). Terminal and intercalary chlamydospores were globose, with a diameter of 35 µm. These characteristics coincide with the descriptions of P. palmivora (Abad et al. 2023; Erwin & Ribeiro, 1996; Stamps et al. 1990). For molecular identification, DNA was extracted from lyophilized mycelia using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), following the manufacturer's instructions. Four genomic regions of a representative strain (CPTABP149) were amplified and sequenced: internal transcript spacer (ITS rDNA) and protein related to ras (Ypt1) (Abad et al. 2023), beta-tubulin (β-TUB) (Blair et al. 2008) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) (Robideau et al. 2011) with the primer pairs PHY.OO.18S.F/PHY.OO.28S.R, YPH4BF/YPh9R, F-βtub1/F-βtub4r andCOIR-1 FM85Mod/COIF-1, respectively. The BLAST analysis of the sequences obtained from the strain CPTABP149 (PQ869733) for ITS and (PQ875189) for COI revealed 100% identity with different isolates of P. palmivora available in GenBank (PP06980, MT7554523, GU111650) and (OP477330, MH760230, MT032128), respectively. The other two sequences with accession numbers PQ875187 and PQ875188 for β-TUB 99 showed 99.7% similarity with the isolate MT074255 and, for ypt1, 99.3% similarity with MK058413. Based on the molecular characteristics of the CPTABP149 strain, it is P. palmivora. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on physiologically mature cacao pods disinfected with 3% sodium hypochlorite (Erwin & Ribeiro, 1996). Three 0.5 mm mycelial plugs of strain CPTABP149 were inoculated onto the pod epidermis. Control pods were inoculated with sterile V8 discs. All the pods were incubated at 25 °C with a photoperiod of 12 h for 5 d. Dark brown circular spots like those observed on the pods in the field developed; control pods remained asymptomatic. P. palmivora was reisolated from the symptomatic lesions, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates. This is the first report of P. palmivora causing black pod rot in Comalcalco, Huimanguillo, and Teapa, Tabasco, and Tecpatán Chiapas, Mexico. This pathogen is considered a quarantine species, as it has not been officially reported in the country.