Sixteen ADHD children and a control group were asked to reproduce the varying time duration of successively presented visual stimuli. Time estimation was poorer in ADHD children, who showed more impulsive errors. ERPs exhibited similar grand-mean waveforms for both groups during the estimating period, but they were significantly different during the reproducing stage, when an early positive wave over frontal regions characterized the control group, interpreted as memory-guided motor output, followed by a slow negativity probably reflecting an inhibitory motor closure process, both probably involving central executive networks that seem to be improperly activated in ADHD children.

Background: Daily new COVID-19 cases from January to April 2020 demonstrate varying patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission across different geographical regions. Constant infection rates were observed in some countries, whereas China and South Korea had a very low number of daily new cases. In fact, China and South Korea successfully and quickly flattened their COVID-19 curve. To understand why this was the case, this paper investigated possible aerosol-forming patterns in the atmosphere and their relationship to the policy measures adopted by select countries. Objective: The main research objective was to compare the outcomes of policies adopted by countries between January and April 2020. Policies included physical distancing measures that in some cases were associated with mask use and city disinfection. We investigated whether the type of social distancing framework adopted by some countries (ie, without mask use and city disinfection) led to the continual dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 (daily new cases) in the community during the study period. Methods: We examined the policies used as a preventive framework for virus community transmission in some countries and compared them to the policies adopted by China and South Korea. Countries that used a policy of social distancing by 1-2 m were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of countries that implemented social distancing (1-2 m) only, and the second comprised China and South Korea, which implemented distancing with additional transmission/isolation measures using masks and city disinfection. Global daily case maps from Johns Hopkins University were used to provide time-series data for the analysis. Results: The results showed that virus transmission was reduced due to policies affecting SARS-CoV-2 propagation over time. Remarkably, China and South Korea obtained substantially better results than other countries at the beginning of the epidemic due to their adoption of social distancing (1-2 m) with the additional use of masks and sanitization (city disinfection). These measures proved to be effective due to the atmosphere carrier potential of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Conclusions: Our findings confirm that social distancing by 1-2 m with mask use and city disinfection yields positive outcomes. These strategies should be incorporated into prevention and control policies and be adopted both globally and by individuals as a method to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.

The presence of stroke has been observed in young adults (under fifty years of age) without cardiovascular risk factors who are suffering from COVID-19. It is speculated that there is really a significant increase, as a few cases have yet to be described, or that the infection favors his development. Cerebrovascular events are more common in older patients with stroke risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and those who have elevated fibrin D-dimers. Multiple case reports and series about cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in COVID-19 has been informed. The mechanism that causes cerebral ischemia in COVID-19 remains undiscovered. However, progressively there is increasing evidence of hypercoagulability that can be or contribute to the cause. We review the current literature about CVD both epidemiology and etiology. More studies are needed to understand.

Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) deficits have been associated with less developed orthographic abilities that may affect lexical decisions. The effects of Spanish-speaking children's RAN performance on lexical decisions were evaluated by analyzing ERP and behavioral measures. Based upon their naming speed in four RAN tasks, 28 normal IQ, right-handed, 7-year-old children were selected and divided uniformly into two groups: average-naming (AN), and slow-naming (SN). ERPs were obtained during a lexical decision task consisting of 100 strings of four sequentially-presented letters that completed words (50 trials) or pseudowords (also 50 trials). The SN group showed major reading difficulties when compared to the AN group, as well as a significantly lower number of correct responses and slower reaction times in the lexical task. Two main ERP components were observed: parietal N320, interpreted as analogous to N170/N200; and a subsequent P3-like component (P500) with a higher amplitude for pseudowords, which probably reflects higher cognitive demands. Better reading comprehension and fewer misread pseudowords correlated with minor N320 latencies, while lower N320 amplitudes for words correlated with faster reading speeds, lower naming times and fewer errors while reading a text. The present results suggest that naming speed and ERP seem to be valuable in distinguishing early orthographic stored code retrieval abilities through a lexical decision task. Moreover, RAN and ERP emerge as accurate tools for evaluating reading processes in the early stages of reading acquisition.