Fusarium solani KMZW-1 is recognized for its potential as a biocontrol agent against agricultural and forestry pests, particularly due to its compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. This study aimed to investigate the complete genome of F. solani KMZW-1 and assess its pathogenicity against Bactrocera dorsalis. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 47,239,278 bp, comprising 27 contigs, with a GC content of 51.16% and fungus identified as F. solani KMZW-1. The genome completeness was assessed as 97.93% using BUSCO analysis, the DFVF sequence identifier was Fusarium 0G092560.1, and AntiSMASH analysis identified 35 gene clusters associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis, providing insights into the genetic basis of its pathogenic mechanisms and biocontrol potential. Comparative genomic analysis found 269 unique genes for F. solani KMZW-1, and collinearity analysis exhibited a high degree of synteny with Fusarium solani-melongenae. The pathogenicity of F. solani KMZW-1 was assessed using concentrations ranging from 1 × 10⁴ to 1 × 10¹¹ conidia/mL. Higher concentrations (1 × 10¹⁰ to 1 × 10¹¹ conidia/mL) resulted in significantly increased cumulative mortality rates of B. dorsalis adults compared to the control group. Notably, the pathogenicity was higher in male adults than in females. Probit analysis yielded LC₅₀ (50% lethal concentration) values of 5.662 for female and 4.486 for male B. dorsalis adults. In summary, F. solani, KMZW-1 exhibits strong insecticidal activity against B. dorsalis and shows potential as a biocontrol agent with IPM strategies. These findings provide robust genomic evidence supporting the use of F. solani KMZW-1 in managing against B. dorsalis populations.

Background: Bacillus subtilis has been recovered from many habitats, but insect gut-derived isolates remain unevenly represented in comparative genome resources. Strain NZ11, isolated from the gut of Periplaneta americana , was examined to provide a curated complete-genome resource and to test whether its gene-family composition differed from a broader panel of near-relative B. subtilis genomes. Results: The NZ11 genome consisted of a single circular chromosome of 4,200,261 bp with a GC content of 43.51% and 4,383 predicted genes. ANI and dDDH supported assignment to B. subtilis , and BUSCO, CheckM2 and QUAST supported a complete, low-contamination, gap-free assembly. A targeted six-genome comparison identified 3,381 shared orthogroups. In an expanded comparison of NZ11 with 100 ANI-filtered complete-genome proteomes, OrthoFinder assigned 424,028 of 425,250 proteins (99.7%) to 6,409 orthogroups; 1,721 orthogroups were present in all 101 genomes and no NZ11-specific orthogroup was detected. The strongest regional signal was the overlapping Ph02/GI02/CRISPR3 composite mobile-element region. Functional annotation identified 147 unique CAZyme-annotated genes, and standardized antiSMASH v8.0.4 analysis identified 11 predicted regions in NZ11. The final TCDB table contained 845 unique NZ11 proteins. Conclusions: NZ11 represents an insect gut-derived B. subtilis isolate with a high-quality complete genome and a gene-family background broadly shared with near-relative members of the species. The expanded comparison supports regional accessory-genome architecture, rather than a unique NZ11-specific gene family, as the principal comparative signal. These sequence-based results do not establish expression, metabolite production, resistance, virulence, insect-gut adaptation, antifungal mechanism, or biological activity of the predicted loci.

Lecanicillium lecanii KMZW-1, is recognized for its potential as a bio-control agent against agricultural and forestry pests, particularly due to its compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. This study aimed to investigate the complete genome of L. lecanii KMZW-1 and assess its pathogenicity against Bactrocera dorsalis. Whole genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 47,239,278 bp, comprising 27 contigs, with a GC content of 51.16%. The genome completeness was assessed as 97.93% using BUSCO analysis, AntiSMASH analysis identified 29 gene clusters associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis providing insights into the genetic basis of its pathogenic mechanisms and biocontrol potential. The pathogenicity of L. lecanii KMZW-1 was assessed using concentrations ranging from 1×10^4 to 1×10^11 spores/mL. Higher-concentrations (1×10^10 to 1×10^11 spores/mL), resulted in significantly increased cumulative mortality rates of B. dorsalis adults compared to the control group. Notably, the pathogenicity was higher in male adults than in females. Probit regression analysis yielded LogLC50 values as 5.662 for female and 4.486 for male B. dorsalis adults. In summary, L. lecanii KMZW-1 exhibits strong insecticidal activity against B. dorsalis and shows potential as a biocontrol agent with IPM strategies. These findings provide robust genomic evidence supporting the use of L. lecanii KMZW-1in managing against B. dorsalis populations.

Fusarium solani KMZW-1, is recognized for its potential as a biocontrol agent against agricultural and forestry pests, particularly due to its compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. This study aimed to investigate the complete genome of F. solani KMZW-1 and assess its pathogenicity against Bactrocera dorsalis. Whole genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 47,239,278 bp, comprising 27 contigs, with a GC content of 51.16% and fungus identified as F. solani KMZW-1. The genome completeness was assessed as 97.93% using BUSCO analysis, DFVF sequence identifier was Fusarium 0G092560.1, AntiSMASH analysis identified 29 gene clusters associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis providing insights into the genetic basis of its pathogenic mechanisms and biocontrol potential. Comparative genomic analysis found 269 unique genes of F. solani KMZW-1 and the collinearity analysis exhibited a high degree of synteny with Fusarium solani-melongenae. The pathogenicity of F. solani KMZW-1 was assessed using concentrations ranging from 1×10^4 to 1×10^11 conidia/mL. Higher concentrations (1×10^10 to 1×10^11 conidia/mL), resulted in significantly increased cumulative mortality rates of B. dorsalis adults compared to the control group. Notably, the pathogenicity was higher in male adults than in females. Probit regression analysis yielded LogLC50 values as 5.662 for fe-male and 4.486 for male B. dorsalis adults. In summary, F. solani KMZW-1 exhibits strong insecti-cidal activity against B. dorsalis and shows potential as a biocontrol agent with IPM strategies. These findings provide robust genomic evidence supporting the use of F. solani KMZW-1 in managing against B. dorsalis populations.

This study examined the interaction between Fusarium solani KMZW-1 and adult Bactrocera dorsalis , with emphasis on cuticular colonization, adult-stage pathological effects, and candidate metabolite-mediated toxicity. KMZW-1 showed Fusarium -like colony and conidial morphology and colonized mainly tarsal setae, joints, and recessed cuticular regions, where fungal conidia and hyphae progressively accumulated over time. Fungal treatment reduced adult survival in a concentration-dependent manner ( P < 0.001) and lowered egg production per female, likely due to reduced male survival and fewer mating opportunities, whereas egg hatchability, larval pupation, and adult emergence of offspring were not significantly affected ( P > 0.05). Untargeted LC-MS/MS profiling annotated 3073 metabolites, and candidate secondary metabolites were prioritized using pathway assignment, CAS-confirmed identity, normalized peak-area abundance, reported biological activity and commercial availability. Among coumarin, umbelliferone and podophyllotoxin, podophyllotoxin showed the lowest 24 h LC ₅₀ values against adult flies, at 24.33 μg mL ⁻¹ for females and 21.03 μg mL ⁻¹ for males. These results indicate that KMZW-1 produces a reproducible surface-colonization-associated adult-stage phenotype in B. dorsalis . Podophyllotoxin should be interpreted as a prioritized candidate with confirmed topical toxicity, not as a confirmed in vivo virulence determinant. Further work is required to confirm metabolite identity with authentic standards, quantify metabolite production during infection, determine internal invasion dynamics, and evaluate mode of action and non-target safety.