Non-IgE immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders constitute a heterogeneous group of enigmatic conditions that are on the rise. This category encompasses entities like food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP), and food protein-induced enteropathy (FPE). These are immune-mediated reactions to certain foods without the involvement of allergen-specific IgE in their pathogenesis. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is also included in this group, acknowledged for its mixed IgE and non-IgE-mediated characteristics. The diagnostic landscape is fraught with challenges, given the poorly understood nature of these disorders and their propensity to manifest with varying and overlapping clinical presentations, typically emerging in infancy with common potential triggers such as cow’s milk and soy. Presently, confirmatory testing for most of these conditions is limited and invasive, emphasizing the pivotal role of a thorough history and physical examination in reaching a diagnosis. Notably, there are limited guidelines for diagnosis and management for most of these disorders. This article elucidates the key distinctions among these disorders, provides an overview of existing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and addresses existing knowledge and research gaps. The considerable impact on the quality of life of non-IgE immune-mediated allergic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, which can result in debilitating complications such as nutritional deficiencies, mental health disorders, and eating disorders, underscores the urgency for comprehensive exploration and management strategies.

Peanut allergy, a significant public health issue, poses challenges due to its potential for life-threatening anaphylaxis and profound impact on quality of life. Traditional management approaches, including allergen avoidance and epinephrine administration, are effective in mitigating acute symptoms but do not address the underlying allergy or long-term disease burden. Recent advances in immunotherapy and biologics, as well as innovative technologies such as gene editing and microbiome modulation, have introduced promising pathways for desensitization and sustained unresponsiveness. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of emerging therapies for peanut allergy, including oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous immunotherapy, biologic agents, gene-editing techniques, and novel drug therapies. We discuss their mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and associated challenges, emphasizing the potential for these innovations to revolutionize peanut allergy treatment. Despite significant progress, barriers such as adverse reactions, cost, and limited access remain. Addressing these challenges through further research and standardization could transform the future of peanut allergy management.

Honduras reported two first cases of coronavirus disease (COVID19) on March 11, 2020, currently reporting a total of 46,365 confirmed cases with 1,465 deaths that estimate a fatality rate of 3.16%, which is why it has been questioned whether the infection by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the risk of contagion and severity of COVID-19 due to its risk of immunosuppression. The present study included 6 HIV patients coinfected with COVID-19 treated at the Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas National Hospital (HNMCR) from the onset of the pandemic in March to July 2020. All patients were coded as P1 to P6. Patients received antiretroviral treatment, 4 of them in critical condition with severe hypoxia that required ventilatory support and died (P2, P3, P5, P6). One patient (P1) in stable condition was discharged after 7 days of hospital stay. One patient (P4) was asymptomatic. Scientific evidence is still scant on the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in patients with HIV. HIV-infected people are not protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection or have a lower risk of severe disease, and generally should receive the same treatment approach applied to the general population. The present work is limited to the description of a series of cases, so it cannot be generalized in all patients with HIV, however, it is intended to contribute to understanding coinfection.

Las infecciones oportunistas son la principal causa de morbilidad, discapacidad y mortalidad en pacientes con VIH, aumentando el número de hospitalizaciones y costos en la atención. Objetivo: Estimar la proporción de infecciones oportunistas e identificar los factores asociados a su aparición en pacientes con VIH atendidos en el Servicio de Atención Integral del Hospital Nacional Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas, San Pedro Sula, 2019-2020. Métodos: Estudio no experimental, analítico de casos (infección oportunista presente) y controles. Se evaluaron 40 casos y 120 controles, con un nivel de confianza de 95%, poder estadístico de 80%, con muestreo tipo aleatorio simple. Se utilizó la distribución de variables entre casos y controles para la obtención de Odds Ratio. Resultados: Las infecciones oportunistas incluyeron: 52.5% (21) tuberculosis, 15.0% (6) histoplasmosis, 12.5% (5) citomegalovirus, 10.0% (4) toxoplasmosis, 10.0% (4) candidiasis, 7.5% (3) criptococosis. El conteo de linfocitos T CD4 fue <200 cel/mm3 en 60.0% (24) de grupo casos y 10.8% (13) de grupo control. La carga viral ˃1000 copias/ml (OR 14.500 IC95% 6.109-34.415), el antecedente de abandono (OR 4.363 IC95% 1.928-9.872) y el no tomar tratamiento antirretroviral (OR 64.076 IC95% 8.063-509.165) se asociaron a infecciones oportunistas. La carga viral mayor de 1000 copias/mL predominó en el grupo de casos, y se encontró asociación de esta con la presencia de infecciones oportunistas con OR 14.500 (IC 95% 6.109-34.415, p=.0001). Conclusión: El no tomar ARV aumenta 64 veces más el riesgo de desarrollar infecciones oportunistas y el haber abandonado el tratamiento antirretroviral aumenta 4 veces más la probabilidad de desarrollar una infección oportunista. El tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad y el apego al mismo es la mejor estrategia para prevenir las infecciones oportunistas en pacientes infectados por el VIH.

Peanut allergy, a significant public health issue, poses challenges due to its potential for life-threatening anaphylaxis and profound impact on quality of life. Traditional management approaches, including allergen avoidance and epinephrine administration, are effective in mitigating acute symptoms but do not address the underlying allergy or long-term disease burden. Recent advances in immunotherapy, biologics, and innovative technologies such as gene editing and microbiome modulation have introduced promising pathways for desensitization and sustained unresponsiveness. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of emerging therapies for peanut allergy, including oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous immunotherapy, biologic agents, gene-editing techniques, and novel drug therapies. We discuss their mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and associated challenges, emphasizing the potential for these innovations to revolutionize peanut allergy treatment. Despite significant progress, barriers such as adverse reactions, cost, and limited access remain. Addressing these challenges through further research and standardization could transform the future of peanut allergy management.

Antecedentes: En la infección por VIH la adherencia al tratamiento es fundamental para lograr llevar al paciente a una carga viral (CV) no detectable, y así disminuir la transmisibilidad del virus. Objetivo: Describir el impacto de la consejería intensificada en adherencia (CIA) como estrategia al fallo virológico en pacientes en terapia antirretroviral del Hospital Nacional Doctor Mario Catarino Rivas de julio 2019 a febrero 2020. Metodología: Investigación descriptiva observacional, longitudinal. Incluyó pacientes adultos y niños en terapia antirretroviral con carga viral mayor de 1000 copias/ml. Se obtuvo una muestra de 225 pacientes. Resultados: se incluyeron 225 pacientes a los cuales se inició la CIA, 56% del sexo femenino, 47% de 36 a 65 años, 26% de 20 a 35 años y 25% eran de edad pediátrica. Se identificó alguna barrera para el cumplimiento de la adherencia en el 65% de los pacientes, siendo la principal, problemas de cumplimiento de horarios en la toma del medicamento, justificado por trabajo y otras actividades en un 17%. Del total de los pacientes, el 21% (48) culminaron la intervención de 4 sesiones hasta febrero 2020, lográndose reducción de la carga viral a menos de 1000 copias/ml en el 48% de ellos, quienes en un 57% habían comenzado la CIA con CV entre 1000 -10,000 copias/ml. Conclusión/Recomendación: con esta intervención piloto se evidencia el beneficio obtenido a través del CIA en aquellos pacientes con fallo virológico, cuya barrera es el incumplimiento en la toma de su medicación, sobre todo lo que tienen CV entre 1000 y 10,000 copias, por lo que se sugiere protocolizar para toda la atención integral del país.