This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of the inclusion complex of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) with dicationic ionic liquid, 3,3'-(1,4-Phenylenebis [methylene]) bis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) di(bromide) (PhenmimBr). The inclusion complex was prepared at room temperature utilizing conventional kneading technique. Proton (¹H) NMR and 2D (¹H–¹H) COSY NMR were the primary characterization tools employed to verify the formation of the inclusion complex. COSY spectra showed strong correlations between protons of imidazolium and protons of β-CD which indicates that the imidazolium ring of PhenmimBr has entered the cavity of β-CD. UV absorption indicated that β-CD reacts with PhenmimBr to form a 2:1 β-CD-PhenmimBr complex with an apparent formation constant of 2.61 × 10⁵ mol⁻² L². Other characterization studies such as UV, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, DSC and SEM studies were also used to further support the formation of the β-CD-PhenmimBr inclusion complex.

Effect of Storage Temperature on the Stability of Phytonutrients in Palm Concentrates

Aromatic amines found in tobacco smoke are carcinogenic to humans. There are no doubts that they cause of cancers in the lungs, bladder, kidneys, pancreas, esophagus, larynx, pharynx, and oral cavities associated with public health. Therefore, monitoring, control, and awareness toward the smoking effects are important subjects to be conveyed. Thus, rapid, sensitive, simple and accurate analytical methods for the identification of aromatic amines and their metabolites are required to provide a clear and complete visualization for the occurrence of aromatic amines by investigating the urine of smokers and nonsmokers. This comprehensive review serves to give an overview of the previous and recent studies about the analytical trends for the determination of urinary aromatic amines. This review covers the sampling methodologies and sample preparation techniques such as solvent extraction, solid phase extraction, magnetic solid phase extraction, and solid phase microextraction couple with different separation methods including gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. To add more value to this review paper, the advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and the future prospects of these methods are discussed as well. This review is hopefully beneficial for researchers to access and monitor the level of potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines in human urine.