The aim of the study was to identify genetic variants associated with personal best scores in Turkish track and field athletes and to compare allelic frequencies between sprint/power and endurance athletes and controls using a whole-exome sequencing (WES) approach, followed by replication studies in independent cohorts. The discovery phase involved 60 elite Turkish athletes (31 sprint/power and 29 endurance) and 20 ethnically matched controls. The replication phase involved 1132 individuals (115 elite Russian sprinters, 373 elite Russian endurance athletes (of which 75 athletes were with VO_2max measurements), 209 controls, 148 Russian and 287 Finnish individuals with muscle fiber composition and cross-sectional area (CSA) data). None of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reached an exome-wide significance level (p < 2.3 × 10⁻⁷) in genotype–phenotype and case–control studies of Turkish athletes. However, of the 53 nominally (p < 0.05) associated SNPs, four functional variants were replicated. The SIRT1 rs41299232 G allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish (p = 0.047) and Russian (p = 0.018) endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes and was associated with increased VO_2max (p = 0.037) and a greater proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers (p = 0.035). The NUP210 rs2280084 A allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish (p = 0.044) and Russian (p = 0.012) endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes. The TRPM2 rs1785440 G allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes (p = 0.034) and was associated with increased VO_2max (p = 0.008). The AGRN rs4074992 C allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish sprint/power athletes compared to endurance athletes (p = 0.037) and was associated with a greater CSA of fast-twitch muscle fibers (p = 0.024). In conclusion, we present the first WES study of athletes showing that this approach can be used to identify novel genetic markers associated with exercise- and sport-related phenotypes.

The objective of this article is to present a methodology based on a questionnaire focused on social health, our study aims at highlighting, in a declarative and comparative manner, the development of social relationships between individuals, more or less for both adults who perform leisure sports activities and for those who do not practice. The study was conducted between October 2012, March 2013 on a sample of 500 adults, who responded to a survey questionnaire, of whom 318 individuals perform leisure sports activities and 182 do not perform this kind of activities. We mention that the age range of our subjects undergoing our research is 25–49 years. In statements, from the pool of persons who practice sports activities, the age categories with a high percentage of people enjoying a good health, are: 25–29 years (88.6 %) and 45–49 years (83.3 %). For the other age categories, a decreasing percentage of persons with a good social health is noted, with aging. On the persons who do not practice leisure sports activities we note instead, an increasing percentage of the persons with an unsatisfactory social health, from 43.3 up to 76 %, that comes with aging. The results suggest that constant and continuous practice of various physical exercises represents a significant factor, which leads to the improvement of social health.

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to gather the most recent evidence regarding the link between genetic polymorphisms and physical performance in team sports, with a focus on the practical utility of this information for athlete selection, training personalization, and injury prevention. Methods: Sixteen studies published between 2018 and 2025 were analyzed and selected from six international databases, in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. Only English-language studies were included, which evaluated active athletes in team sports and investigated associations between genetic variations, such as Actinin Alpha 3 (ACTN3 R577X), Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE I/D), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha (PPARA), Interleukin 6 (IL6), and Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (NOS3), and physical performance parameters. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Q-Genie tool, with all studies scoring over 45 across all 11 items, indicating high quality. Results: The ACTN3 and ACE genes stood out due to their consistent association with traits such as strength, speed, endurance, and recovery capacity. Other genes, such as PPARA, Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH), Angiotensinogen (AGT), and NOS3, complemented this genetic profile by being involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and injury predisposition. An increasing number of studies have begun to adopt cumulative genotype scores, suggesting a shift from a monogenic approach to complex predictive models. Conclusions: The integration of genetic profiling into the evaluation and management of athletes in team sports is becoming increasingly relevant. Although current evidence supports the applicability of these markers, robust future research conducted under standardized conditions is necessary to validate their use in sports practice and to ensure sound ethical standards.

Anticipation represents the tennis player's ability to forecast the future actions of its competitor. Tennis is, in general, an anticipation and space-time coordination sport. This study wishes to emphasize the importance of anticipation, in the efficiency of the tennis player's neuromuscular control, at a junior level. The study was conducted on 20 junior tennis players from the national lot. The measurement of the players was carried out in three steps: measuring the space-time anticipation with the Vienna Test Sport System testing battery, measuring the neuromuscular control, with the help of the condition simulator and measuring the balance with the aid of the Balance Platform

According to some studies, muscle strength (F) is a predictor of health when this motor quality is associated with body mass index (BMI). Based on this statement, our study aims to find out if there is a significant relationship between the two variables, in the context in which the BMI was determined on 160 subjects, selected from students aged 12-15 and who were subsequently included in 4 subcategories: underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. For the assessment of muscle strength, we used handgrip strength and standing long jump (broad jump) (respecting the EUROFIT methodology). The results show a moderate positive relationship between the level of muscle strength development and BMI (rho = .44, p ≤ .01; rho = .43, p ≤ .01). Our data shows that there is a significant, moderate-intensity connection between BMI and strength development, the subjects with excess weight (overweight and obese) having lower strength values compared to normal-weight subjects. Although some authors consider that only the relationship between BMI and strength does not provide conclusive data for predicting the health of adolescents, the results of our study still confirm the existence of an inverse relationship between BMI and muscle strength at overweight and obese subjects. Because the studies on this direction are not very numerous yet, we consider that other observational studies with a larger sample size, especially longitudinal and prospective studies, are necessary.

This study presents the implementation and results of the Annual Physical Training Program for Masters +45 Half Marathoners (PASm-12), focused on optimizing athletic performance through rigorous planning of training volume and intensity. PASm-12, structured over 12 mesocycles and 52 microcycles, was applied to 6 female runners with over 10 years of experience. The results indicate that the total running volume achieved (2347 km) was 90.2% of the volume proposed by PASm-12 (2603.2 km), with statistically significant differences in most mesocycles (Cohen’s f² = 6.24, t = −5.997, p = 0.002, indicating a large effect size). The training intensity was achieved at an average of 94.8% of what was proposed by PASm-12, with significant differences in several mesocycles (Cohen’s f² = 0.45, t = −1.972 to −3.984, p < 0.05, indicating a moderate to large effect size). The female runners’ performances in field tests generally showed faster times than the maximum and average values proposed in PASm-12, with the exception of the final competition, where performance was slightly lower due to external competitive factors (Cohen’s d = −0.53, t = −1.192, p = 0.3). This plan, demonstrating good practice, could serve as a guideline model for amateur runners who do not have specialist counseling. PASm-12 can reduce the risk of injury, prevent excessive fatigue, and support ongoing participation in sports activities. Additionally, the implementation of this plan could provide amateur runners with a safe and effective training structure, contributing to improved health and athletic performance.