Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare blood cancers characterized by the excessive production of blood cells in the bone marrow. These disorders arise from acquired genetic driver mutations, with or without underlying genetic predispositions, resulting in the uncontrolled production of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. The excessive cell production and abnormal signaling from driver mutations cause chronic inflammation and a higher risk of blood clots and vascular complications. The primary goals of MPN treatment are to induce remission, improve quality of life and survival, as well as to reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis, vascular events, and leukemic transformation. This review provides a comprehensive update on the diagnosis and therapeutic advancements in major MPN subtypes, including chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. It examines these complex diseases from a molecular and evolutionary perspective, highlighting key clinical trials’ long-term follow-up and therapies targeting driver mutations that have transformed treatment strategies. Additionally, several important advancements in addressing challenges such as anemia in myelofibrosis, along with promising emerging therapies, are also discussed.

The mutations in SRSF2 and TET2 genes are frequently present in various myeloid neoplasms. The potential impact of SRSF2/TET2 co-mutations on patient survival is incompletely understood. We identified 412 patients with SRSF2/TET2 co-mutations from our NextGen sequencing database of around 8000 patients and reported likely the largest cohort study. Our study demonstrated the presence of these co-mutations in a spectrum of myeloid neoplasms, which show different genetic and molecular characteristics. Most of the patients with these co-mutations had normal karyotype. Interestingly, our study provided insights into the prevalence of additional mutations such as ASXL1, RUNX1, and KRAS with this co-mutation and their potential impact on patients' prognosis. We found that ASXL1, RUNX1, and KRAS can negatively impact these patients' survival with different impacts in different morphological diagnosis categories, suggesting a complex interaction between these genes. This study underscores the need for personalized approaches in the treatment of myeloid neoplasms.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that features clonal proliferation of atypical megakaryocytes and myeloid cells, fibrosis of the bone marrow, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and increased risk of leukemic transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). With the widespread application of molecular studies, especially next generation sequencing (NGS), significant advances have reshaped our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of PMF and the prognostic relevance of specific gene mutations. In this review, we summarize its clinicopathologic features, genetic and molecular findings, updated diagnostic criteria, and differential diagnosis. These updates have been incorporated into the 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of Hematolymphoid Tumors (WHO-5th) and the 2022 International Consensus Classification (ICC), thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification, both of which are essential for tailoring treatment strategies and enhancing patient outcomes.

Myeloid neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of disorders originating from aberrant mutations of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow Arber et al. [1]. Among these are myelodysplastic syndrom...