The road surface adhesion coefficient is a key parameter affecting the dynamic control and driving safety of vehicles. Addressing the limitations of vehicle dynamics-based estimation methods under low-excitation conditions, this paper proposes a vision-perception-based CNN–Mamba hybrid regression network (CMHR-Net) for visual road friction potential estimation. By extracting road surface texture features from camera images, the proposed method predicts representative friction levels associated with different road conditions, providing prior information for vehicle active safety and control systems. First, ResNet18 is used to extract local texture features from road surface images. Second, a Mamba State Space Model is introduced to model long-distance dependencies between features, thereby enhancing global representation capabilities. Finally, the predicted adhesion coefficient value is output through a regression layer. Simultaneously, an adhesion coefficient mapping dataset based on road surface semantic attributes is constructed for model training and validation. Experimental results show that under various road surface conditions, including wet asphalt, waterlogged asphalt, waterlogged concrete, ice and snow, and joints, the proposed method significantly reduces the MAE (Mean Absolute Error) compared to the traditional CNN model. Specifically, under low adhesion conditions (μ ≈ 0.20), the error is reduced by approximately 56.9%. Furthermore, in complex variable conditions, the model significantly outperforms the traditional CNN model in both maximum error (Max Error) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). For example, under low adhesion conditions (μ ≈ 0.20), the MAPE decreases from 21.59% to 9.28%, and the maximum error decreases from 0.2025 to 0.0628, demonstrating superior stability and robustness. This method can achieve high-precision feedforward estimation of the adhesion coefficient without relying on vehicle dynamics excitation, providing effective support for feedforward control and active safety systems in vehicles.