This comprehensive overview of the historical milestones in cell culture underscores key breakthroughs that have shaped the field over time. It begins with Wilhelm Roux’s seminal experiments in the 1880s, followed by the pioneering efforts of Ross Granville Harrison, who initiated groundbreaking experiments that fundamentally shaped the landscape of cell culture in the early 20th century. Carrel’s influential contributions, notably the immortalization of chicken heart cells, have marked a significant advancement in cell culture techniques. Subsequently, Johannes Holtfreter, Aron Moscona, and Joseph Leighton introduced methodological innovations in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, initiated by Alexis Carrel, laying the groundwork for future consolidation and expansion of the use of 3D cell culture in different areas of biomedical sciences. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 was revolutionary, enabling the reprogramming of differentiated cells into a pluripotent state. Since then, recent innovations have included spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-a-chip technologies, aiming to mimic the structure and function of tissues and organs in vitro, pushing the boundaries of biological modeling and disease understanding. In this review, we overview the history of cell culture shedding light on the main discoveries, pitfalls and hurdles that were overcome during the transition from 2D to 3D cell culture techniques. Finally, we discussed the future directions for cell culture research that may accelerate the development of more effective and personalized treatments.

COPD is a common, preventable and usually progressive disease associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and lung, generally caused by exposure to noxious particles and gases. It is a treatable disease characterised by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to abnormalities in the airways and/or alveoli. COPD is currently the third leading cause of death worldwide, representing a serious public health problem and a high social and economic burden. Despite significant advances, effective clinical treatments have not yet been achieved. In this scenario, cell-based therapies have emerged as potentially promising therapeutic approaches. However, there are only a few published studies of cell-based therapies in human patients with COPD and a small number of ongoing clinical trials registered onclinicaltrials.gov. Despite the advances and interesting results, numerous doubts and questions remain about efficacy, mechanisms of action, culture conditions, doses, timing, route of administration and conditions related to homing and engraftment of the infused cells. This article presents the state of the art of cell-based therapy in COPD. Clinical trials that have already been completed and with published results are discussed in detail. We also discuss the questions that remain unanswered about cell-based regenerative and translational medicine for COPD.

This comprehensive overview of the historical milestones in cell culture underscores key breakthroughs that have shaped the field over time. It begins with Wilhelm Roux's seminal experiments in the 1880s, followed by the pioneering efforts of Ross Granville Harrison, who initiated groundbreaking experiments that fundamentally shaped the landscape of cell culture in the early 20th century. Carrel's influential contributions, notably the immortalization of chicken heart cells, mark a significant advancement in cell culture techniques. Holtfreter, Moscona, and Leighton introduced innovations such as 3D cell culture, laying the groundwork for further exploration. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 was revolutionary, enabling the reprogramming of differentiated cells into a pluripotent state. Since then, recent innovations include spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-a-chip technologies, aiming to mimic the structure and function of tissues and organs in vitro, pushing the boundaries of biological modeling and disease understanding. In this review, we overview the history of cell culture shedding light on the main discoveries, pitfalls and hurdles that were overcome during the transition from 2D to 3D cell culture techniques. Finally, we discussed the future directions for cell culture research that may accelerate the development of more effective and personalized treatments.

O carcinoma hepatocelular constitui uma das neoplasias malignas mais letais e com eficácia terapêutica limitada. Os extratos vegetais, ricos em metabólitos secundários, realizam funções benéficas ao organismo humano, como a redução da inflamação, dor, estresse oxidativo e da neoplasia. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de realizar a triagem fitoquímica (fenóis e flavonóides) do extrato do fruto de Brosimum gaudichaudii (EBG), avaliar in vitro a sua citotoxicidade (teste do MTT/células NIH/3T3), e suas atividades antioxidante (DPPH e Lipoperoxidação) e antineoplásica (teste do MTT/células HuH7.5). O EBG apresentou 48,02 ± 1,26 mg EAG/g de fenóis totais e 8 ± 0,92 mg EQ/g de flavonoides. No MTT, o EBG, de 100 a 1600 ug/mL, não diferiu do controle negativo, não promovendo citotoxicidade (p>0,05). O EBG, 600 µg/mL, apresentou uma atividade antioxidante de 79.80 ± 0.00% no teste do DPPH e de 88.01 ± 1.74% no teste de lipoperoxidação. Na avaliação anticancerígena em células de hepatocarcinoma, nos tempos de 24, 48 e 72 horas, as concentrações de 1,8, 2,8 e 4,4 ug/mL promoveram 50% de inibição do crescimento celular (GI50%). Como a atividade antineoplásica de um extrato está relacionada a um GI50% < 4,0 ug/ml o EBG se apresenta como um possível fitoterápico a ser utilizado na terapia complementar do hepatocarcinoma.