Ensuring the safety and quality of perishable agrifood products throughout the supply chain is essential. Key parameters, such as temperature and humidity, must be consistently monitored to prevent spoilage, maintain nutritional value, and minimise health risks. Fluctuations in transportation conditions can compromise product integrity, leading to deterioration and an increased risk of foodborne illness. Monitoring agrifood supply chains is essential, from packaging to last-mile delivery. Distribution methods that rely on non-automated monitoring systems, such as manual temperature measurements, are error-prone due to the failure of manual treatments and increase the likelihood of product deterioration. Emerging sensor technologies and the rapid development of Information and Communication Technologies offer new possibilities for real-time tracking, enabling stakeholders to maintain optimal conditions and monitor aesthetic, physicochemical, and nutritional quality. This paper proposes a cost-effective temperature and humidity traceability system that utilises wireless sensor networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoΤ) services to monitor perishable products within the agrifood supply chain ecosystem. It also provides an overview of recent innovations in sensor technologies, along with food quality indicators relevant to real-time monitoring of food quality. The proposed research examines the available sensor technologies and methodologies that enable continuous monitoring of agrifood supply chains. Moreover, the paper presents a pilot full-scale project from both functional and technological perspectives.

The Digital Product Passport (DPP) is emerging as a key regulatory and technological instrument toward a circular economy and sustainable product management. Mandated under Regulation (EU) 2024/1781—the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR)—the DPP establishes a standardized digital framework for capturing, storing, and sharing comprehensive lifecycle information about products placed on the EU market. This paper presents a holistic and modular technical framework for dynamic DPP implementation, applicable across product categories and independent of specific industrial domains. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in integrating IoT-based sensing, lifecycle-oriented data management, product-category-independent metadata structures, role-based access control, and interoperability mechanisms into a unified architecture. We also describe the architecture of a web-based DPP prototype that demonstrates end-to-end IoT data connectivity and supports a multi-category product attribute model, in which each product category exposes its own set of ESPR-compliant attributes. The proposed system architecture employs a layered design comprising physical sensor nodes, a lightweight IoT gateway protocol (MQTT), a RESTful backend API, a cloud-hosted relational database, and an interactive front-end dashboard, supporting multi-format data export and interoperability with external systems. Functional validation of the proof-of-concept prototype using pilot and simulated IoT telemetry demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed architecture in supporting unique product identification, dynamic data ingestion, lifecycle event recording, stakeholder-specific access, and structured DPP data export. The proposed framework is developed specifically for the European Union’s Digital Product Passport regulatory framework, with the ESPR as the primary regulatory reference. The scope of the present study is therefore limited to the EU regulatory context, while adaptation of the architecture to other regulatory environments remains a topic for future research.