In the context of the financial evaluation of generation projects, the Levelized Cost of Electricity - LCOE, is used as an instrument to compare generation technologies; however, one of its weaknesses is the sensitivity it has to the stock of the energy variables input for your calculation. In this sense, each author uses different criteria and methods for sensitivity analysis, among them: Monte Carlo method, Markowitz, CVaR, extended Levy model, among others. In this work, a sensitivity analysis is proposed applying multi-objective optimization techniques, based on the calculation of the LCOE. The Pareto front is obtained for each of the variables that are defined as relevant in sensitivity.The optimization problem model is applied to the proposed study cases for the validation and analysis of results. The results show that the Pareto front methodology is very useful for the sensitivity analysis of the LCOE, providing an additional tool.

This paper addresses a crucial omission in the traditional approach to solving the classic economic dispatch problem within microgrids featuring renewable energy sources—the often-neglected frequency disturbances arising from reductions in system inertia. To remedy this, we present an innovative economic dispatch model empowered by nonlinear optimization (NLP), incorporating stringent minimum inertia constraints essential for ensuring system stability over a 24-h horizon. Our approach involves a comprehensive exploration of the intricate relationship between system inertia and frequency stability, culminating in the seamless integration of these inertia constraints into the economic dispatch model. To validate the practicality of our model, we present two distinct scenarios: a base case representing conventional dispatch methodologies and an alternative case that considers the imposition of inertia restrictions. These scenarios are rigorously tested and implemented using the CICGRE TF C6.04 test system. Employing the powerful GAMS platform alongside the NPL model, we successfully solved the dispatch problem. Our results underscore the significance of maintaining system inertia within the 1.54-s threshold proposed by our model, showcasing a tangible reduction in generation costs as a direct outcome of this enhanced approach to economic dispatch. This research advances the understanding of microgrid management and offers a practical solution to enhance system stability and economic efficiency in renewable-energy-powered microgrids.

This work proposes a multi-objective optimization problem for the optimal design of grounding systems, considering personnel safety limits and design guidelines defined in the IEEE Standard Std. 80 - IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding. The initial objective functions proposed include the amount of conductor and the number of ground rods in the grounding grid, ensuring that the mesh voltage (Em) and step voltage (Es) do not exceed the tolerable limits for the human body (Etouch and Estep). The multi-objective problem generates the Pareto front and Parallel Coordinates Plot, providing valuable insights for result analysis, sensitivity analysis, and informed decision-making for grounding system designers. The model is validated using the exercises in Annex B of IEEE Std. 80, demonstrating its ability to deliver a comprehensive analysis of results while considering the full range of feasible solutions for an optimal and safe design of AC substation grounding systems.

Este trabajo presenta el diseño, implementación y evaluación de un sistema de seguimiento solar de doble eje basado en un algoritmo astronómico de resolución intermedia. El sistema fue instalado en la terraza del Bloque B de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, y se conforma exclusivamente por módulos fotovoltaicos, sin inversores ni cargas, permitiendo así la medición segura de la corriente de cortocircuito (Isc) como variable de análisis. Se emplearon dos celdas fotovoltaicas calibradas para registrar la irradiancia incidente en un sistema móvil y otro fijo (inclinado a 15° hacia el norte). El algoritmo astronómico calcula en tiempo real los ángulos de elevación y acimut, activando el movimiento cuando la diferencia angular supera ±1°. Los resultados indican un incremento promedio del 19.85 % en la irradiancia captada por el sistema móvil respecto al fijo. Se incluye además un análisis de correlación entre el ángulo de inclinación y la irradiancia, así como validación de la trayectoria solar calculada. Esta investigación representa la primera fase de un proyecto que integrará control híbrido y análisis económico en etapas futuras.

This paper presents an integrated methodology for sensitivity analysis of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), combining multi-objective optimization techniques, stochastic Monte Carlo simulations, and the subsequent application of Contour Maps as a complementary tool for result validation and comparison. Given that several variables involved in the LCOE calculation are subject to uncertainty, the traditional ceteris paribus assumption is replaced with a Monte Carlo-based approach, introducing randomness into the input variables not included as objective functions in the optimization problem. This allows the generation of multiple Pareto fronts that capture the sensitivity of the LCOE to such uncertainties. To enhance computational efficiency throughout the iterative process, parallel processing is employed. The results are further enriched through contour mapping, which complements the analysis and facilitates visual interpretation. The methodology is validated through case studies, demonstrating its capability to explore a broad solution space, reduce risk exposure, and support more robust decision-making in energy planning under uncertainty.