Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture is increasingly gaining attention as a potential solution for the scalability problem facing the Internet of Things (IoT). It can be adopted for the fog computing layer to sustain the massive flow of data from constrained IoT nodes to the cloud. The success of a P2P-based system is entirely dependent on the continuity of resource sharing among individual nodes. Free riding is a severe problem that contradicts this main principle of P2P systems. It is understood that peers tend to consume resources from other peers without offering any in return. This free riding behavior can decrease system scalability and content availability, resulting in a decline in performance. Significant efforts have been made to hinder this behavior and to encourage cooperation amongst peers. To this end, we propose AFMIA, an Adjusted Free-Market-Inspired Approach that considers resources as goods that have dynamic prices based on the amount of supply and demand. Peers have wealth that can be increased by providing resources and spent by consuming them. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can successfully improve fairness without compromising on success rates.

Saudi Arabia consumes a significant amount of oil domestically for transportation and energy generation purposes. The booming population and high power consumption contribute to a sharp increase in power demands. The Saudi electric utility is investing heavily in upgrading the power grid and generation infrastructure to keep up with surging consumption. The desert belt in Saudi Arabia is exposed to substantial levels of solar irradiance, which renders Saudi Arabia a good candidate for large scale solar energy schemes. Upper and lower limits of cost and energy output are to be estimated for such ambitious endeavors to enter the national and international conversations. In this work, an attempt was made to estimate the area of photovoltaic panels and levelized energy cost required for generating the peak load and baseload power demands of the entire country and contrast them against the subsidized and unsubsidized cost of electricity in the kingdom. The levelized energy cost was found to be higher than the unsubsidized cost of electricity in the kingdom. The area required for both schemes was not found to be a limiting factor when compared to the available land area.

Since the emerging of dental implants, research efforts have been focused on increasing their long-term stability. Primary stability plays an essential role in maintaining a long-term stable dental implant. Several methods were advocated to increase this factor. Osseodensification is a newly developed technique that aims to utilize the biomechanics of natural bone to increase