We report results from the first search for ${\nu }_{\mu }\to {\nu }_e$ transitions by the NOvA experiment. In an exposure equivalent to $2.74\times {10}^{20}$ protons on target in the upgraded NuMI beam at Fermilab, we observe 6 events in the Far Detector, compared to a background expectation of $0.99\pm 0.11(\text{syst})$ events based on the Near Detector measurement. A secondary analysis observes 11 events with a background of $1.07\pm 0.14(\text{syst})$. The $3.3\sigma$ excess of events observed in the primary analysis disfavors $0.1\pi <{\delta }_{CP}<0.5\pi$ in the inverted mass hierarchy at the 90% C.L.

This paper reports the first measurement using the NOvA detectors of ${\nu }_{\mu }$ disappearance in a ${\nu }_{\mu }$ beam. The analysis uses a 14 kton-equivalent exposure of $2.74\times {10}^{20}$ protons-on-target from the Fermilab NuMI beam. Assuming the normal neutrino mass hierarchy, we measure $\mathrm{\Delta }{m}_{32}^2=({2.52}_{-0.18}^{+0.20})\times {10}^{-3}{\mathrm{eV}}^2$ and ${\sin }^2{\theta }_{23}$ in the range 0.38–0.65, both at the 68% confidence level, with two statistically degenerate best-fit points at ${\sin }^2{\theta }_{23}=0.43$ and 0.60. Results for the inverted mass hierarchy are also presented.

We report the first measurement of the double-differential and total muon neutrino charged current inclusive cross sections on argon at a mean neutrino energy of 0.8 GeV. Data were collected using the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber located in the Fermilab Booster neutrino beam and correspond to $1.6\times {10}^{20}$ protons on target of exposure. The measured differential cross sections are presented as a function of muon momentum, using multiple Coulomb scattering as a momentum measurement technique, and the muon angle with respect to the beam direction. We compare the measured cross sections to multiple neutrino event generators and find better agreement with those containing more complete treatment of quasielastic scattering processes at low $Q^2$. The total flux integrated cross section is measured to be $0.693\pm 0.010(\mathrm{stat})\pm 0.165(\mathrm{syst})\times {10}^{-38}{\mathrm{cm}}^2$.

This paper presents the Mechanical Ventilator Milano (MVM), a novel intensive therapy mechanical ventilator designed for rapid, large-scale, low-cost production for the COVID-19 pandemic. Free of moving mechanical parts and requiring only a source of compressed oxygen and medical air to operate, the MVM is designed to support the long-term invasive ventilation often required for COVID-19 patients and operates in pressure-regulated ventilation modes, which minimize the risk of furthering lung trauma. The MVM was extensively tested against ISO standards in the laboratory using a breathing simulator, with good agreement between input and measured breathing parameters and performing correctly in response to fault conditions and stability tests. The MVM has obtained Emergency Use Authorization by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic and Health Canada Medical Device Authorization for Importation or Sale, under Interim Order for Use in Relation to COVID-19. Following these certifications, mass production is ongoing and distribution is under way in several countries. The MVM was designed, tested, prepared for certification, and mass produced in the space of a few months by a unique collaboration of respiratory healthcare professionals and experimental physicists, working with industrial partners, and is an excellent ventilator candidate for this pandemic anywhere in the world.