As proteínas são moléculas essenciais para aos organismos animais, devendo, portanto, estar presentes na alimentação em quantidades adequadas. Além do aspecto quantitativo deve-se levar em conta o aspecto qualitativo, isto é, seu valor nutricional, que dependerá de sua composição, digestibilidade, biodisponibilidade de aminoácidos essenciais, ausência de toxicidade e de fatores antinutricionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade in vivo, o escore químico de aminoácidos (EQ) e o escore químico de aminoácido corrigido pela digestibilidade protéica (PDCAAS) das seguintes fontes de proteína: carne de rã sem osso, carne de rã com osso, carne de rã mecanicamente separada (CMS), carne bovina, ovo em pó, caseína, trigo, milho, soja convencional, soja isenta de inibidor de tripsina Kunitz e de lipoxigenases (soja KTI-LOX-), proteína texturizada de soja (PTS) e feijão. As proteínas de origem animal apresentaram maiores valores de digestibilidade que as de origem vegetal. Carne de rã sem osso apresentou a proteína com maior digestibilidade protéica de todas as proteínas estudadas, não diferindo, entretanto, da caseína, CMS, carne bovina e rã com osso. Das proteínas de origem animal, a do ovo em pó foi aquela que apresentou menor digestibilidade protéica. Nenhuma das proteínas de origem animal apresentou aminoácidos essenciais limitantes quando comparadas com o padrão da FAO/WHO. Feijão, soja convencional, soja KTI-LOX- e PTS, tiveram os aminoácidos sulfurados (metionina+cisteína) como limitantes. Enquanto que para trigo e milho, o aminoácido mais limitante foi a lisina. Soja KTI-LOX- e PTS apresentaram valores de PDCAAS superiores aos da soja convencional, mostrando uma possível elevação na qualidade protéica da soja melhorada geneticamente e da soja processada. Proteins are essential for animals, therefore, they must be present in diet, in appropriate amounts. Besides the quantitative aspect, the qualitative aspect should be taken into account, i.e. its nutritional value, which will depend on its composition, digestibility, bioavailability of essential amino acids, absence of toxicity, and of antinutritional factors. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the digestibility in vivo, the chemical score of amino acids (EQ), and the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of the following protein resources: frog meat without bone, frog meat with bone, mechanically separated frog meat (CMS), beef meat, egg powder, casein, wheat, corn, conventional soybean, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and lipoxygenase free soybean (KTI-LOX- soybean), textured soybean protein (PTS) and beans. Animal proteins presented higher digestibility values than those from vegetables. Frog meat without bone was the protein with the highest protein digestibility of all proteins studied, not differing from casein, CMS, beef and frog meat with bone. Comparing animal proteins, the one of egg powder was the one which presented the lowest digestibility. No animal protein presented essential limiting amino acids when compared to those of FAO/WHO. Beans, conventional soybean, KTI-LOX- soybean and PTS presented sulfurized amino acids (methione+cysteine) as limiting ones. Whereas for wheat and corn, the most limiting amino acid was lysine. KTI-LOX- soybean presented higher PDCAAS values than those of conventional soybean, presenting a possible increase in genetically improved soybean and processed soybean protein quality

The characterization and identification of proteolytic bacteria from the gut of the velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) were the objective

Membrane-bound proteases from preparations of the midgut of 5^th instar velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis (H?bner) were obtained by resuspension of the pellet obtained after 100,000 g centrifugation. As expected of trypsin-like proteases, they hydrolyzed casein and the synthetic substrates N-α-benzoyl-L-Arg-p-nitroanilidine (L-BApNA) and N-α-p-tosyl-L-Arg methyl ester (L-TAME). Higher activities were observed at 50?C, and at pH 8.5 and 8.0 for both synthetic substrates L-BApNA and L-TAME. The membrane-bound proteases were inhibited by EDTA, phenylmethan sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), benzamidine and aprotinin. TLCK and benzamidine were particularly active inhibitors. The K_M-values obtained were 0.23 mM for L-BApNA and 92.5 µM for L-TAME. These results provide evidence for the presence of membrane-bound trypsin-like proteases in the midgut of the velvetbean caterpillar, a key soybean pest in warm climates. The interaction between A. gemmatalis digestive proteases and soybean protease inhibitors has potentially important consequences for soybean breeding programs.

This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation of peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita; PEO) in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A feeding experiment with diets containing graded levels (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g kg⁻¹) of PEO was carried out with fish of 0.58 ± 0.08 g. The inclusion of graded levels of PEO in the diet improved the weight gain (0.52 g kg⁻¹), feed intake (0.51 g kg⁻¹), and feed conversion (0.51 g kg⁻¹) of juvenile Nile tilapia in a quadratic pattern. Increasing levels of PEO also led to a linear decrease in body lipid content. The gut activity of the digestive enzymes amylase (0.54 g kg⁻¹) and protease (0.39 g kg⁻¹) increased quadratically, whereas lipase activity increased linearly. PEO increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT; 0.52 g kg⁻¹) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 0.58 g kg⁻¹) while reducing the production of malonaldehyde (MDA; 0.40 g kg⁻¹) and nitric oxide (NO; 0.63 g kg⁻¹) in the liver. The results of this study provide evidence of the beneficial effects of PEO on the growth and health of Nile tilapia and recommend a dose of 0.6 g kg⁻¹ as the optimal level of supplementation.