Even though the manufacturing industry consumes roughly 54% of total available energy globally, little consideration has been devoted to optimizing energy in the early stages of industry design, particularly in densely populated cities. With the increased demand for green buildings, energy performance has a greater influence on design results. As a result, this paper provides an envelope optimization technique that can assist architects and computational designers in analyzing the environmental performance of various alternatives and developing optimal design solutions, especially for Bangladesh and the building of these regions. First, an existing industrial site in Dhaka, Bangladesh's capital was chosen as a case study, and a hypothetical industry building, as well as its surroundings, were parametrically developed. Then, for the optimization method, the design factors linked to the building envelopes were chosen. Finally, a Multi-objective Optimization (MOO) procedure was utilized for defining performance measures including daylighting, energy and comfort measures, UDI, EUI, and PPD. According to the MOO results, the UDI may be enhanced by 25.286% as compared to the least favorable scenario. Consequently, the EUI may decreased by 38.718 kWh/m2 while the PPD can be increased by 41.78%. The geometric configuration of East, West, North, and South played a significant role when designing the industrial building. According to the analysis, the geometric configuration of a South WWR of 50%, a West WWR of 30%, an East WWR of 70%, and a sill height of 0.75m is the most feasible option. A statistical analysis of design factors and performance measures demonstrated that the window-to-wall ratio, particularly on south walls, has the greatest impact on industrial building design in densely populated areas. The proposed approach is expected to be used by architects and municipal planners to develop design metrics based on simulation results.

Urdu speaking people living in Geneva camp of Dhaka have become a marginally displaced community since 1971. Geneva camp is overcrowded as they have no chance of living outside of the camps because of their statelessness. The camp is a densely-populated settlement and have its own natural physical growth in terms of social and economic transformation day by day. This brings a lot of physical, socio-cultural and economic problems. Geneva camp is a compact and confined living place for its inhabitants. For many of them it is also income generating place and thus source of their livelihood. It is important to identify the problems of this settlement to take further necessary actions to mitigate those. This study illustrates the housing problems in different domains in the Geneva camp with their attributes. Lack of spaces and other facilities in a low-income settlement have their impact on the way of overall livelihood of the inhabitants. The physical characteristics and other major factors that affect the physical environment of settlement are discussed in this paper.

International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction; Xueqing Zhang, Editor-in-Chief, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; IJAEC; zhangxq@ust.hk.

Human settlements are not only built forms, but also a reflection of domestic and regional cultural orientations. The courtyard style is the most ancient and common form of planning on the Indian subcontinent. Indigenous culture and climate demand this open space. Whatever happens in society has a visible impact on courtyards. This research aims to classify the different courtyards and show that, in most contemporary courtyards, basic traits are missing. Showing the modern courtyard concept is more of a shared space than a courtyard is one of the major concerns of this study. Collecting data and information and making a guideline for an ideal courtyard formed the basis of this research. This study gave an output that shows how the impression of the indigenous courtyard, and the social statement has waned gradually from the vernacular settlement to modern housing.