The utilization rate of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is increasing in the industry today. Due to this fact, the high efficiency ratio of PMSMs has reached IE5 premium class efficiency. Therefore, the efficiency coefficient of the PMSM varies from 92% to 97%. As a result, this type of motor is replacing traditional asynchronous motor by falling into efficiency classes of IE1, IE2, IE3, and IE4, which range from 75% to 92% in the industry. Thus, the object of the research was to develop a method to determine the efficiency of permanent magnet synchronous motor applications in order to identify and verify the variating parameters. In this study, an innovative and safe method of PMSM testing when the nominal parameters of the motor are unknown was presented through research. Also, the comparison of PMSM oscillograms with different types of load types and phase shift oscillograms, generated using operation amplifier, were analyzed and is scrutinized. During the design process, the PMSM was projected for the IE5 premium efficiency class. However, after production, the PMSM sometimes does not match the nameplate parameters, which are declared by the factory. As a result, during the testing procedures, the PMSM nameplate parameters did not match the projected parameters. Facing the problem of the projected and tested efficiency mismatch, the PMSM highest efficiency determination experiments were performed in a laboratory in order to prove the highest efficiency of the PMSM. The results showed different PMSM input parameters. Furthermore, the experimental results of the PMSM testing were confirmed with electrical machines theory, and simulation results were performed with electrical circuits. The theory of PMSM operating in different values of input voltage is represented in graphical

Industrial automation systems are increasingly cyber-physical, interconnected, and software-dependent, which expands both their operational capability and their cybersecurity exposure. This article reports a systematic literature review, conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, of cybersecurity requirements and certification standards in industrial automation, with emphasis on Industrial Control Systems (ICS), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and Industry 4.0 contexts. From 3570 records identified across five academic databases, 75 studies were retained after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment. The included studies were analyzed along three dimensions: cybersecurity requirements, standards and certification, and application context. Quantitative synthesis shows that network segmentation, intrusion detection, secure communication, access control, lifecycle security, and safety–security coordination are the six most frequently emphasized requirement categories, and that ISA/IEC 62443, ISO/IEC 27001, NIST SP 800-82, and NERC-CIP are the four dominant certification frameworks. The review identifies four critical gaps between technical cybersecurity requirements and certification practice and proposes an integrated mapping framework linking requirement categories, standards, and application contexts. The findings indicate that effective industrial cybersecurity assurance depends on a layered compliance architecture rather than on dependence on any single framework.