Biodegradable polymers have been regarded as a promising solution to tackle the pollutions caused by the wide use of conventional polymers. However, during the biodegradation process, the material fragmentation leads to microplastics. In this work, the formation of microplastics from biodegradable poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) in different aquatic environments was investigated and compared with the common non-biodegradable low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The results showed that a much larger quantity of plastic fragments/particles were formed in all aquatic environments from PBAT than from LDPE. In addition, UV-A pretreatment, simulating the exposure to sunlight, increased the rate of PBAT microplastic formation significantly. The size distribution and shapes of the formed microplastics were systematically studied, along with changes in the polymer physicochemical properties such as molecular weight, thermal stability, crystallinity, and mechanical properties, to reveal the formation process of microplastics. This study shows that the microplastic risk from biodegradable polymers is high and needs to be further evaluated with regards to longer timeframes, the biological fate of intermediate products, and final products in freshwater, estuarine and seawater natural habitats. Especially, considering that these microplastics may have good biodegradability in warmer 20 - 25° water but will most likely be highly persistent in the world's cold deep seas.

Multifunctional conductive hydrogels with representative preparation strategies and related properties.

Tough fibrous membranes for smoke filtration have been developed from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by solution electrospinning. The fibre thicknesses were controlled from 0.4 to 4.3 μm by adjustment of the spinning conditions. The highest fibre strength and toughness were obtained for fibres with an average diameter of 1.0 μm, 62.5 MPa and 65.8 MJ m⁻³, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the fibres showed a skewed amorphous halo, whereas the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results revealed an apparent crystallinity of 6–8% for the 0.4 and 1 μm fibres and 0.2% crystallinity for the 4.3 μm fibres. Heat shrinkage experiments were conducted by exposing the fibres to a temperature above their glass transition temperature (T_g). The test revealed a remarkable capability of the thinnest fibres to shrink by 50%, which was in contrast to the 4.3 μm fibres, which displayed only 4% shrinkage. These thinner fibres also showed a significantly higher glass transition temperature (+15 °C) than that of the 4.3 μm fibres. The results suggested an internal morphology with a high degree of molecular orientation in the amorphous segments along the thinner fibres, consistent with a constrained mesomorphic phase formed during their rapid solidification in the electric field. Air filtration was demonstrated with cigarette smoke as a model substance passed through the fibre mats. The 0.4 μm fibres showed the most effective smoke filtration and a capacity to absorb 43× its own weight in smoke residuals, whereas the 1 μm fibres showed the best combination of filtration capacity (32×) and mechanical robustness. The use of recycled PET in the form of nanofibres is a novel way of turning waste into higher-value products.