This study aimed to identify the significant overarching sports coaching competencies and their underlying components in contemporary Korean society and into the future. In addition, the hierarchical order of these competencies and components was investigated to assess their relative importance. This knowledge can improve pre-service and in-service sports coach training programs and their sustainability. A literature review in Korean and English related to sports coaching was performed initially to understand which competencies and components have already been researched and recognized. The subsequent study surveyed 20 experts using the Delphi process and 28 experts using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), considering seven sports competencies and 23 components based on the literature. All the competencies and components were considered appropriate sustainable measures of a sports coach’s competence based on the Delphi content validity ratio (CVR) > 0.500. The AHP results ranked “pedagogical” competence the highest, with a weight of 0.329 in the competence hierarchy, while “operational and managerial” competence ranked at the bottom with a weight of 0.057. In relation to the rank order of the components under each competence, “pedagogical communication” (0.136) and “sport-specific skill performance” (0.086) ranked first and second, respectively. In contrast, “facilities and equipment management” (0.008) ranked at the bottom and “public relations and marketing” (0.008) ranked right above it. The values of the consistency index and the consistency ratio were <1.000, indicating that the competencies and components hierarchies were reliable. The results confirm that in Korea’s pre- and in-service sports coach training programs, comprehensive and in-depth pedagogical knowledge, as well as sports knowledge in areas like sports biomechanics, sports physiology, and sports nutrition, need to be reinforced for ongoing success.

Background and Objectives: Sarcopenia and frailty are associated with falls, disability, and functional decline in older adults. This review evaluated traditional Chinese mind–body exercise (TCMBE), including Tai Chi and Health Qigong, in adults aged 60 years or older with clinically defined sarcopenia or frailty. Materials and Methods: Randomized controlled trials identified through December 2024 from six English- and Chinese-language databases were synthesized. The analyses included physical performance and secondary outcomes and explored sarcopenia and frailty as study-level subgroups. Results: Twenty-two trials involving 1660 participants were included. TCMBE was associated with a shorter Timed Up and Go Test time (mean difference [MD], −1.17 s; 95% CI, −1.80 to −0.54; p < 0.01; I² = 74%), a higher Short Physical Performance Battery score (MD, 0.99 points; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.40; p < 0.01; I² = 24%), and greater grip strength (MD, 2.02 kg; 95% CI, 0.58 to 3.47; p = 0.006; I² = 89%). The 6 min walk test estimate was borderline and imprecise (MD, 11.76 m; 95% CI, 0.10 to 23.43; p = 0.05; I² = 0%), and no clear overall effects were observed for gait speed, the 30 s chair stand test, sit-to-stand time, Berg Balance Scale score, muscle mass, depressive symptoms, or quality of life. Several analyses showed substantial heterogeneity, and some subgroup estimates were based on only one or two studies. Conclusions: Low-certainty evidence suggests that TCMBE may produce small improvements in TUGT performance, SPPB scores, and grip strength. Very-low-certainty evidence leaves its effects on gait speed and quality of life uncertain. Risk-of-bias concerns, heterogeneity, imprecision, and uncertain clinical significance limit confidence in the current estimates. The available evidence is insufficient to support routine implementation, and larger, rigorously conducted randomized controlled trials are needed.

Background: Population aging has increased demand for scalable strategies supporting balance-oriented rehabilitation, fall-risk management, and functional independence in older adults. Pilates and technology-assisted exercise, including AR/VR, exergaming, motion-sensing exercise, telerehabilitation, and technology-delivered Pilates, may be relevant, but comparative evidence and older-adult applicability remain uncertain. Objective: To compare Pilates, technology-assisted exercise, technology-delivered Pilates, conventional exercise, and control for balance- and postural-control-related outcomes using exploratory network meta-analysis and aging-public-health applicability mapping. Methods: We searched eight sources through 2 May 2026. The primary network included source-verified randomized trials with eligible balance/postural-control endpoints and extractable post-intervention arm-level data. Hedges’ g used exact small-sample correction, and random-effects frequentist network meta-analysis used restricted maximum likelihood. Risk of bias and certainty were assessed using RoB2 and a conservative GRADE/CINeMA-informed framework. Results: The primary network included 12 studies, 25 analytic arms, and 491 participants; the broader sensitivity network included 14 studies, 29 arms, and 606 participants. Estimates versus control were 0.33 (95% CI −0.04 to 0.69) for conventional exercise, 0.64 (0.18 to 1.09) for Pilates, 0.69 (0.38 to 1.01) for technology-assisted exercise, and 0.69 (0.14 to 1.25) for technology-delivered Pilates. Applicability mapping identified direct older-adult community evidence (4 studies, 187 participants), aging-related clinical rehabilitation evidence (6 studies, 216 participants), and indirect non-geriatric evidence (2 studies, 88 participants). Certainty was low for technology-assisted exercise and very low for other active-versus-control comparisons. Conclusion: Active interventions generally favoured the intervention over control, but sparse evidence, heterogeneity, control variability, outcome-domain sensitivity, clinically fragile transitivity, and low/very low certainty preclude a definitive hierarchy. Findings may inform risk-stratified community programmes, home-based support, digital-equity planning, and implementation trials rather than justify a single preferred intervention, platform, or automated decision-support model. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261383909 , PROSPERO, CRD420261383909.

Background: Physical inactivity is linked to falls, cognitive decline, and reduced independence, underscoring the need for accessible interventions that enhance balance and cognitive functions. In this context, sustainability refers to affordability, accessibility, feasibility, and potential for long-term adherence. Table tennis, an open-skill sport requiring motor coordination and cognitive engagement, may help improve balance and cognitive functions. This meta-analysis synthesized available evidence to investigate the effects of table tennis interventions on balance and cognitive functions. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines and PROSPERO registration, six electronic databases were searched. A meta-analysis was conducted with 14 randomized controlled trials comprising 1565 participants in total. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted based on intervention participants, health status, intervention duration, and session length. Results: Pooled analyses showed that individuals who received table tennis interventions demonstrated significantly improved balance (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.57, 0.98]) and cognitive (SMD = 2.05, 95% CI [1.27, 2.83]) functions than those who did not. Subgroup analyses indicated consistent benefits across different age groups and health statuses, along with larger cognitive function effects with longer interventions. Despite considerable heterogeneity across studies and limited evidence for some subgroups, sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of the results. Conclusions: Table tennis appears to be a feasible and low-cost intervention that can effectively enhance balance and cognition functions, with potential applicability in community, educational, and rehabilitation settings. However, considering the observed heterogeneity and methodological limitations, the findings should be interpreted with caution.