In the presented work, some characteristics of devices of adaptive and control-tracking control systems are considered. The characteristic features of angle sensors, methods of converting analog signals with high accuracy (for example, sine-cosine transformers) occupies a leading position among the development and research of tracking systems. The modern electronic element base opens up new possibilities - the creation of tracking digital angle converters (TDAC) using the principles of digital tracking and adaptive control in them. Stability, efficiency, load form determines the reliability, accuracy, economy, service life of electromechanical automation devices, test equipment, etc. Determining the characteristics, establishing analytical relationships between the initial data and output parameters is one of the stages of the algorithm for solving the problems of designing equipment parameters for monitoring and tracking control systems, which in turn contributes to the development of a mathematical model from a system of equations, the joint solution of which allows you to establish analytical relationships between the initial data and settings.

Spatial data is one of the core components in all information retrieval processes for decision-making. Spatial data acquisition consumes enormous monetary resources and time. The Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (IGIF) provides a basis and guide for developing, integrating, strengthening, and maximizing geospatial information management and related resources in all countries. To this, governments all over the world are establishing national spatial data infrastructures (SDIs). However, such initiatives face a considerable amount of resistance as organizations often do not want to share their data assets. The present study investigates these barriers in the establishment of national SDI in Pakistan. The constraints studied through the IGIF pathways and past studies were adapted via a pilot study and conceptualized in a hypothesized model. We collected primary data via the administration of 520 questionnaire surveys to 280 public and private organizations. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to statistically confirm the conceptual model of the barriers to disseminating spatial data. The results indicate institutional barriers from the absence of national data policy, lack of specified roles of stakeholders, poor inter-organizational coordination, missing data-sharing policy, and weak organizational partnerships, with coefficients 0.26, 1.555, 1.305, 8.288, and 0.136, respectively, at the p < 0.001 significance level. The PLS-SEM R² 0.65 indicates a good explanatory power of the model. The methodology developed in the present study will allow devising more sustainable policies for spatial data management and dissemination in Pakistan and beyond.

Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) have been implemented for the last four decades in most countries. One of the key objectives of SDIs is to ensure the quick availability and accessibility of spatial data. The success of SDI depends on the underlying spatial datasets. Many developing countries such as Pakistan are facing problems in implementing SDI because of the unavailability of spatial data. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is an alternate source for obtaining spatial data. Therefore, the question is what factors hamper the adoption of VGI for making it part of SDI in Pakistan. The intention behind this paper is to explore such factors as the key research question. To do so, we make use of the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework along with the partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to empirically analyze the factors impeding VGI from becoming part of SDI in the country. The study concludes that many technical, organizational, and environmental factors affect the adoption of VGI to be part of SDI in Pakistan.

The growth of Pakistan’s agriculture-based economy depends on elevating agriculture production and raising the per-capita income of rural communities. This paper evaluates the value of two simultaneous initiatives for the economic development of Pakistan, i.e., (i) reforming and modernization of the cadastre system, and (ii) the implementation of national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI). Both can provide crucial frameworks to assemble geographic information necessary for effective agriculture policies in the country. Their execution at the national level requires substantial technical, human, and finical resources. These mega initiatives may become highly challenging, due to the already shrinking economy of the country from COVID-19. The study makes use of an evaluation framework, official documents, such as project proposals, minutes of meetings, in addition to data collected through questionnaire and from ministries, such as the ministry of planning, development, and reforms (commonly known as planning commission), as well as Pakistan bureau of statistics. Our findings indicate that both the projects share some commonalities in terms of benefits, problems, and resources. However, the economic benefits of the NSDI project are high compared to the cadastre for the country, especially for effective agricultural policy-making. The results output will help practitioners from both systems to reduce the overlapping value, cost, and scope of the work involved.

The incorporation of chatbots within the tourism and hospitality sectors signals a transformative era aimed at enhancing customer engagement, operational efficiency, and industry responsiveness. With their diverse capabilities spanning from personalized recommendations to seamless booking processes, chatbots revolutionize the way travelers interact with service providers. Powered by cutting-edge technologies like natural language processing and machine learning, chatbots facilitate seamless communication channels, offering timely assistance and valuable insights to travelers. In the hospitality domain, chatbots serve as indispensable virtual concierges, ensuring round-the-clock customer support, personalized recommendations, and streamlined reservation management. However, the integration of chatbots also presents challenges, including data security concerns and the need for continuous innovation. By navigating through these challenges, stakeholders can unlock the full potential of chatbot technology, paving the way for exceptional guest experiences and sustained industry innovation.

This chapter emphasized the pivotal role of GIS in environmental decision-making by exploring spatial data collection methods, including GPS, remote sensing, LiDAR, and drones, highlighting their contributions to understanding environmental attributes. Spatial data integration and management within GIS are discussed as an efficient approach to data storage, retrieval, analysis, and modeling that facilitates evidence-based decision-making. Public engagement and communication using GIS can foster stakeholder involvement. GIS's relevance in shaping environmental policies and regulations is emphasized, covering habitat preservation, water resource management, air quality regulation, and more. It also discussed the concept of SDI and its role in addressing environmental challenges. The challenges and future directions of GIS in environmental planning and management are addressed, covering data quality, privacy, capacity building, and public engagement. Future prospects include AI, real-time data integration, cloud-based GIS, 3D and virtual reality, and crowdsourcing are also endorsed.