This study aims at investigating how consumers experience the retail environment visually, thus establishing a foundation for deeper insights into visual merchandising strategies. Specifically, we experimentally recorded and analyzed the visual attention and emotional arousal of the consumers in a test setting and examined the influence of various elements as well as gender differences in the recorded consumer responses. We conducted an experiment utilizing eye-tracking and virtual reality to analyze visual attention and emotional arousal in response to spatial and design elements in an immersive retail environment. We examined real-time measures of consumer interest and emotional responses during the retail experience. Valid gaze data from 24 male and 22 female participants were used for the analysis of total dwell time (TDT), total fixation count (TFC), and average pupil diameter (APD). The visual attention and emotional arousal of consumers showed different responses to specific areas of interest according to different spatial arrangements in the sales and service areas. This study statistically analyzed gender differences in consumer responses and performed a correlation analysis between visual attention and emotional arousal. Our findings provide insight into improving the design of retail environments for target consumers and contribute to building visual merchandising strategies.

This paper reviews studies that have quantified humans’ emotions in architectural environments using biometrics. We analyzed the design variables that induced positive emotions and compared the study conditions for each result, including the biometric tools utilized. The objective was to analyze the design characteristics of the architectural environment, biometric tools, and study conditions that measure emotional responses in design research, their limitations, and future uses of biometric devices. Twenty papers were selected using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The population, intervention, control, outcome, and setting study design were used as an analysis framework. The reviewed papers used biometric tools such as electroencephalography, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, galvanic skin response, electromyography, electrocardiography, and eye-tracking to analyze emotions. Environmental factors that produce positive emotional responses in the architectural spaces included form, layout, material, color, furniture, and lighting. The findings from methodology using biometric tools have the potential to develop an evidence-based design to produce positive emotions in architectural environments that improve our mental health and well-being.

Online secondhand resale platforms are a booming industry involving the growing recognition of various economic, environmental, and recreational benefits in buying and selling used items. This preliminary study explores technology-based strategies for online secondhand platforms, which contributed to the resale industry’s steady growth and digital transformation. Through a variety of literature, this study established a basis for developing research on technological innovations in online resale platforms. A mixed method was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data to investigate and understand the features of resale e-commerce. Case studies of four online secondhand resale platforms specializing in general goods and fashion helped identify a variety of technological strategies that were later analyzed based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). Survey data from respondents in their twenties and thirties living in South Korea indicated features that promote safe transactions, engaging user experience and user interface design, and individual compatibility as most effective in influencing users’ resale platform usage. Features that involve high technology, such as virtual reality and machine learning, had the least impact on users’ usage. Data gathered from follow-up interviews showing the recurring theme of unfamiliarity with the technological features corroborated the survey findings. Analyzing qualitative data from expert interviews generated key concepts in future trends in online resale platform strategies, including effective data management. Based on this study’s findings, the digitalization and onlineization of the online secondhand resale industry are likely to continue with the implementation of various strategies that contribute to users’ perceptions of usefulness, ease-of-use, and enjoyment, increasing users’ satisfaction and, hence, the actual usage of these platforms. The proliferation of secondary e-commerce will facilitate a shared culture that values sustainable consumption in online platforms and promote sustainability in the retail industry.

(1) Background: As digital technology continues to reshape visual landscapes, understanding how design elements influence customer experience has become essential. Eye-tracking technology offers a powerful, quantitative approach to assessing visibility, aesthetics, and design components, providing unique insights into visual engagement. (2) Methods: This paper presents a systematic review of eye-tracking methodologies applied in design research. Thirty studies were selected for analysis from recognized academic databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Employing the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) framework, this review focused on experimental studies in visual communication and new media design that utilized visual symbols for communication and leveraged new media technologies. (3) Results: The findings corroborated that eye-tracking technology offers in-depth insights into gaze patterns, visual perception, and attention, which can inform design strategies. This review shows that assessing visual designs based on eye-tracking data can enhance consumer-centered interfaces, better align with user preferences, and foster more engaged behaviors in both digital and physical environments. (4) Conclusions: This review deepens our understanding of the cognitive and emotional processes underlying visual engagement. It also suggests new avenues for integrating diverse eye-tracking metrics into design evaluation, offering practical applications for improving design strategies and advancing the field of design research.