Over the centuries, the application of grassland and cutting of livestock have been the primary foundations for the production of food agriculture manufacturing. Growing human population, accelerated human activities globally, staggering food inequity, changing climate, precise nutrition for extended life expectancy, and more demand for protein food call for a new outlook to smartness in food agriculture manufacturing for delivering nutritious food. Cellular agriculture, 3-D printing of food, vertical urban farming, and digital agriculture, alongside traditional means, are envisioned to transform food agriculture and manufacturing systems for acceptability, availability, accessibility, affordability, and resiliency for meeting demands of food in this century for communities across the United States and the world. This technical note illustrates the thought leadership for cellular agriculture as a part of the new food agriculture manufacturing revolution.

With the increasing concern due to climate change caused by a higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, reducing environmental impact is becoming more important for every part of society. Manufacturing is responsible for a significant amount of energy/material consumption and environmental burden and, therefore, has a great opportunity to reduce its impact through green manufacturing. Green manufacturing presents opportunities across the manufacturing enterprise to increase the efficient usage of energy and material resources. These opportunities include designing products to consume fewer materials and energy during manufacturing and use, incorporating more efficient manufacturing processes, streamlining and optimizing manufacturing schedules and plans, and circularizing products. The goal of this paper will be to provide a perspective from the authors on the opportunities that exist within green manufacturing for discrete products through a review of pertinent topics and future directions. The paper will focus on processes, manufacturing equipment, manufacturing systems, recovering value at a product’s end-of-life, and additional thoughts that include metrics and indicators, techno-economic assessment, and a discussion of efficiency and effectiveness. Key findings from this review include a need for social indicators and renewable energy considerations in scheduling and process planning, integrating Industry 4.0 into circular economy along with social and institutional dimensions, consistency in the ability to measure and conceptualize metrics and indicators, a detailed evaluation of the life cycle impacts and cost of Addit Manuf, and more human and environment-oriented considerations for smart manufacturing.

This paper presents a holistic review of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs), focusing on typology, energy efficiency, techno-economic analyses (TEAs), and life cycle assessments (LCAs). Initially, the study categorizes various LOHC systems documented in existing literature, outlining their chemical structures, catalysts, properties, and main applications. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of LOHC varieties, making it easier to compare across different types. Next, we explore the efficiency of LOHC systems by reviewing hydrogenation and dehydrogenation energy requirements, catalyst behavior, heat-management constraints, product-separation needs, and net energy storage capabilities. This review also includes reaction stoichiometries, recent catalyst and reactor developments, catalyst-deactivation mechanisms, and heat-integration options for high-temperature dehydrogenation. Finally, our investigation offers a detailed evaluation of TEA and LCA for LOHC systems found in the literature. By exploring economic feasibility and environmental impact, this study presents a complete picture of the sustainability of LOHC deployment. It includes assessments of life-cycle carbon emissions, levelized cost, supply-chain configuration, carrier recyclability, infrastructure compatibility, renewable-electricity capacity factors, and heat-recovery assumptions. Our findings aim to contribute to hydrogen storage and transport research by identifying the most important technical, economic, and environmental trade-offs for LOHC systems. By addressing gaps in recent literature, TEA comparability, and LCA coverage, this paper seeks to advance the development of LOHC technologies and support their broader adoption in a green and sustainable energy landscape.