The role of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows is tested on three main pillars of sustainable development (SD), which consists of economic growth, income distribution and environmental quality for Singapore. The analysis is performed by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The sample data is based on annual data, covering the period from 1970 to 2013. The estimated long-run elasticity indicated that FDI inflows not only lead to higher economic growth and better environmental quality but also widen the income disparity in this country, which may disrupt its SD mission. The other two introduced variables that could also play a part as potential drivers for sustainable development (SD) are trade openness (TO) and financial development (FD). Based on the outcomes, TO has also led to higher economic growth and lower environmental degradation. However, this variable does not have significant impact on income distribution for Singapore. As for FD, it is found to have a significant and positive impact on economic growth and also successfully reduce the income inequality problem. On the contrary, this variable does not have any significant relationship with environmental quality, as indicated by carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Mixed evidence of a relationship is detected for other macroeconomic variables in the three estimates models. As the income inequality issue has become more serious, it is important for Singaporean policymakers to focus on attracting more foreign investors to invest in various sectors, in the hope that these companies can offer better wages to the local workers and thus improve income distribution in the country. More attention is needed to explore the potential role of TO and FD as drivers for SD in this country.

Purpose: The objectives of this study to identify the indicator of factors make Asian farmer community influence towards modern technology farming practices and adaptation. Theoretical Framework: 11 of final recent literature had reported according to the eligibility and screening procedure which focus on Design/methodology/approach: using thematic analysis guided by ROSES 2018 to conduct systematic literature review. ROSES protocol as a guidance through five key methodological review processes that begins with identification screening using two eligibility databases namely Scopus and Web of Science. After formulating the research questions, quality appraisal and data extraction are done and the final process is analysis. Findings: From thematic analysis, this 11 of final review articles had identify six main themes 1) demographic indicator; 2) perception and belief indicators, 3) perceived awareness 4) technology acceptance indicators; 5) internal factor indicators; and 6) external factor indicators. From the six main themes, the review found another 33 sub-themes. Research, practical & social implications: There is a significant contribution into the body of existing knowledge and for practical implications. The findings explained the significant importance factors of technology behavioural intention and adaptation indicators to Asian community such as: 1) Listed factors may influence and transform the traditional agriculture into modern agriculture practices among Asian farmer community; 2) A government strategies and policy for strengthening future agriculture sector and 3) to recommend future direction for researcher in this area of study. Originality/value: The result had identified a growing number of literature on the factors can motivate and encourage Asian Farmer to adopt modern technology into their farming which can contribute the most importance to the government and policy maker. Despite, ASEAN countries are still lagging behind advance countries particularly in agriculture sector. Indeed, there were insufficient studies that systematically review the existing literature review on behavioural intention and adaptation of modern technology in Asia region. Hence, it’s a need to review the existing of literature on factors influencing Asian Farmer in technology behavioural intention and adaptation.

Macroeconomic Indicators for Electrical Consumption Demand Model in Malaysia

Purpose: Amongst the major concerns of sub-Sahara Africa are the rising external debt and poor performances in governance. This paper aims to lend a voice to the relevance of governance on the relationship between external debt and economic growth in selected five sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Design/methodology/approach: Using available data from the World Governance and Development Indicators, between 1996 and 2016, the study uses the fully-modified OLS technique after establishing the absence of unit root and existence of long-run relationship amongst the variables of the model. Findings: The findings confirm a non-linear relationship between external debt and economic with a positive net effect of $5.05 increase in economic performance for a US$ rise in external debt. While the index of governance depicts a negative association with economic growth, the indicators show mixed results. The interaction effect of external debt and governance on economic performance explain that improved governance quality reduces its negative effect on economic performance by US$1.288 (with a total effect of –4.180 + 1.288*EXDBT); it equally enhances the (net) positive impact of external debt by US$1.288 (with a total effect 5.05 + 1.288*IQ). Practical implications: The governments of the selected countries are, therefore, advised to seek other means of financing their expenditure while curbing financial mismanagement and its long-term impacts on growth. Also, governance infrastructures should be improved to restore both domestic and foreign investors’ confidence so that more private capitals may be attracted in lieu of excessive borrowings. Originality/value: The research is the first to comprehensively examine the nexus between external debt, governance and economic growth in the selected countries, given their external debt position in SSA. This includes examining the impacts of each of the governance indicators and the comprehensive index of governance on growth. Furthermore, the study adds to the literature by examining the interaction effects of external debt and governance on economic growth of these countries. This gives both the partial and total estimates of the effects of external debt and governance on economic growth in the countries under consideration.