Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–syphilis co-infection poses a threat to certain populations, and patients may have considerably poorer health outcomes due to these infections. Our objective was therefore to provide a scoping review of the literature regarding the factors associated with HIV–syphilis coinfection. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and produced a total of 1412 articles. After completing the screening process as per the Preferred Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, a total of 109 articles were eligible for inclusion. A total of 68,634 co-infected patients were included in our review. Findings from studies across 40 countries demonstrated that males—particularly men who have sex with men—compose the overwhelming majority of co-infected cases. Additional risk factors include a low CD4 cell count, current or past sexually transmitted infections, and a high number of sexual partners. Our findings have important implications in guiding public health programs across the globe that aim to lower the rates of HIV–syphilis co-infection. More research is also needed on the role of educational attainment, comorbidities, and consistent condom usage regarding the risk for co-infection.

The spread of diarrheal disease is a major public health problem, and a lack of proper sanitation is an important contributor to this. In 2014, the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was initiated by the Government of Bharat (India) to improve sanitation across the entirety of the country. SBM has received worldwide praise for its success, and it is now being expanded further. For the purposes of guiding the ongoing implementation of SBM and determining where it has or has not been successful, the objective of this scoping review was to determine the perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes of individuals regarding SBM. After screening 5454 research articles across seven databases, nine total articles were eligible for inclusion in this review. In spite of the reduced number of selected studies, numerous key themes emerged: Many chose to greatly praise SBM for its past successes; individuals felt that mass media should continue to be used to raise awareness; mindsets and a lack of awareness continue to serve as barriers to change; addressing inadequate waste disposal and waste segregation should be a very high priority to ensure cleanliness in Bharat. The findings of this review can guide policymakers, government workers, non-governmental organizations, and researchers in ensuring the continual development of SBM in its second phase and beyond the successful achievement of its aims, though the inherently limited generalizability of the qualitative studies included in this scoping review should also be recognized. Further research that is both qualitative and quantitative in nature is needed to develop a deeper understanding of the perceptions regarding SBM and the ways in which the ongoing program can be improved.

The spread of diarrheal disease is a major public health problem, and a lack of proper sanitation is an important contributor to this. In 2014, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was initiated by the Government of Bharat (India) to improve sanitation across the entirety of the country; SBM has received worldwide praise for its success, and it is now being expanded further. For the purposes of guiding the ongoing implementation of SBM, and to determine where it has or has not been successful, the objective of this scoping review was to determine the perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes of individuals regarding SBM. After screening of 5454 research articles across seven databases, nine total articles were eligible for inclusion in this review. Numerous key themes emerged: many chose to greatly praise SBM for its past successes, individuals felt that mass media should continue to be used to raise awareness, that mindsets and a lack of awareness continue to serve as barriers to change, and that addressing inadequate waste disposal and waste segregation should be a very high priority to ensure cleanliness in Bharat. The findings of this review can guide policymakers, government workers, non-governmental organizations, and researchers in ensuring that the continual development of SBM in its second phase and beyond successfully achieve its aims.